Early cancer detection is critical for successful treatment. Current cancer detection methods require travel to a centralized laboratory for testing which can be time-consuming, costly, invasive, and infrequent. Patients could benefit from a less invasive method to monitor recurrence which could be performed more frequently from the comfort of their home. We propose an implanted hydrogel sensor for remote cancer monitoring. Gold nanostars (GNS) embedded within the hydrogel produce surface enhanced Raman scattering signals of cancer biomarkers collected remotely using a handheld probe, with the results being sent to their provider. Here, we present results demonstrating the ability to discriminate human prostate cancer plasma. GNS were labeled with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) and embedded into 70μL hydrogels. Four prostate cancer samples and five non-prostate cancer samples were obtained from a biobank. 70μL of each sample were combined with one hydrogel per sample and incubated overnight at 4°C. A handheld probe was used to collect Raman spectra at 5 different locations across each hydrogel face. The classification algorithm included intensity normalization based on intensity of the 4MBA signal, principal component analysis (PCA) for dimension reduction, and linear discriminate analysis (LDA) or logistic regression for classification with leave-one-sample- out cross validation. Comparison of cancer and non-cancer spectra shows relative peak intensity differences between the two groups including at 726cm-1 and 1450cm-1. The area under the ROC curve was up to 0.94 for logistic regression. Results show the potential of remote cancer monitoring with a hydrogel SERS sensor.
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