Brain simulation techniques have demonstrated undisputable therapeutic effects on neural diseases. Invasive stimulation techniques like deep brain stimulation (DBS) and noninvasive techniques like transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have been approved by FDA as treatments for many drug resist neural disorders and diseases. Developing noninvasive, deep, and targeted brain stimulation techniques is currently one of the important tasks in brain researches. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternative current stimulation (tACS) techniques have the advantages of low cost and portability. However, neither of them can produce targeted stimulation due to lacking of electrical field focusing mechanism. Recently, Grossman et al. reported using the down beating signals of two tACS signals to accomplish focused stimulation. By sending two sine waves running at slightly different high frequencies (~2kHz), they demonstrated that they can modulate a “localized” neuron group at the difference frequency of the two sine waves and at the same time avoid excitation of neurons at other locations. As a result, equivalent focusing effect was accomplished by such beating mechanism. In this work, we show neither theoretically nor experimentally the beating mechanism can produce “focusing effect” and the beating signal spread globally across the full brain. The localized modulation effect likely happened right at the electrode contact sites when the electrode contact area is small and the current is concentrated. We conclude that to accomplish noninvasive and focused stimulation at current stage the only available tool is the focused TMS system we recently demonstrated.
There is a rise in the study of functional connectivity among various cortical regions and investigations to uncover causal links between a stimulus and the corresponding neural dynamics through electrophysiological imaging of the human brain. Animal model that exhibit simplistic representations of such networks open a doorway for such investigations and are gaining rapid popularity. In this study, we investigate and compare resting state network and auditory stimulus related activity with minimal invasive technology along computational spectral analysis on a C57/BL6 based mouse model. Somatosensory, motor and visual cortex are observed to be highly active and significantly correlated (p-value<0.05). Moreover, given the spatial limitation due to small size of the mouse head, we also describe a low-cost and effective fabrication process for the mouse EEG Polyimide Based Microelectrodes (PBM) array. The easy-to-implement fabrication process involves transfer of the pattern on a copper layer of the Kapton film followed by gold electroplating and application of insulation paint. Acoustic stimulation is done by using tube extensions for avoiding electrical coupling to EEG signals. Unlike multi-electrode array type of invasive methods that are local to a cortical region, the methods established in this study can be used for examining functional connectivity analysis, neural dynamics and cortical response at a global level.
InGaAs based long-wavelength near infrared detector arrays are very important for high dynamic
range imaging operations seamlessly from daylight environments to dark environments. These
detector devices are usually made by open-hole diffusion technique which has the advantage of
lower leakage current and higher reliability. The diffusion process is usually done in a sealed
quartz ampoule with dopant compounds like ZnP2, ZnAs3, CdP2 etc. side by side with
semiconductor samples. The ampoule needs to be prepared and sealing process needs to be done
in very clean environment and each time can have variations. In this work we demonstrated
using MOCVD growth chamber to perform the diffusion process. The advantages of such a
process are that the tool is constantly kept in ultra clean environment and can reproducibly
provide clean processes without introducing unexpected defects. We can independently control
the temperature and flow rate of the dopant - they are not linked as in the ampoule diffusion case.
The process can be done on full wafers with good uniformity through substrate rotation, which is
good for large detector array fabrications. We have fabricated different types of InGaAs/InP
detector arrays using dimethyl zinc as the dopant source and PH3 or AsH3 for surface protection.
Pre-studies of Zn-diffusion profiles in InGaAs and InP at different temperatures, flow rates,
diffusion times and followed annealing times were conducted to obtain good control of the
process. Grown samples were measured by C-V profilometer to evaluate the diffusion depth and
doping concentration. The dependence of the diffusion profile with temperature, dopant partial
pressures, and annealing temperature and time and some of the fabricated device characteristics
are reported.
KEYWORDS: Amplifiers, Signal to noise ratio, Reflectors, Interference (communication), Acoustics, Signal detection, Standoff detection, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Environmental sensing, Signal generators
Mid-infrared (MIR) standoff photoacoustic (PA) sensing of explosive chemicals and nerve gas stimulants at calibrated concentration have been demonstrated in door. When they are operated out door, array beam forming technique has to be employed to reject ambient noise and enhance signal. Lock-in amplifier usually needs to be used to achieve weak signal detection in a noisy environment. If we can combine these two techniques we will be able to reject both spatial and temporal noise and achieve a great signal to noise ratio (SNR) performance. From the best of our knowledge no literature has described how to combine these two techniques. In this work we demonstrated combined array and lock in amplifier operation in outdoor environment. A simplified system includes a signal generator, a speaker source, a lock in amplifier, 4 spy-phones with 4 parabolic reflectors to collect the acoustic signal, a National-Instrument NI6259 data acquisition system with both A to D (ADC) and D to A converters (DAC), and a PC. To combine these two techniques, each of the array collected signals was digitized by the ADC. Their path delays were adjusted in the computer to synchronize the phase. By using a PC controlled ADC the processing time is very long (~1s). To synchronize them without using costly high-speed customer made hardware, we delayed the reference signal by send it through the same ADC- PCDAC path as the array signals. By doing so, a good lock-in operation with stable phase was obtained.
Publisher’s Note: This paper, originally published on 5/13/2015, was replaced with a corrected/revised version on 7/1/2015. If you downloaded the original PDF but are unable to access the revision, please contact SPIE Digital Library Customer Service for assistance.
Plants exhibit complex responses to changes in environmental conditions such as radiant heat flux, water quality, airborne pollutants, soil contents. We seek to utilize the natural chemical and electrophysiological response of plants to develop novel plant-based sensor networks. Our present work focuses on plant responses to high-energy radiation – with the goal of monitoring natural plant responses for use as benchmarks for detection and dosimetry. For our study, we selected a plants cactus, Arabidopsis, Dwarf mango (pine), Euymus and Azela. We demonstrated that the ratio of Chlorophyll a to Chlorophyll b of the leaves has changed due to the exposure gradually come back to the normal stage after the radiation die.
We used blue laser-induced blue fluorescence-emission spectra to characterize the pigment status of the trees. Upon blue laser excitation (400 nm) leaves show a fluorescence emission in the red spectral region between 650 and 800nm (chlorophyll fluorescence with maxima near 690nm and 735 nm). Sample tree subjects were placed at a distance of 1m from NIST-certified 241AmBe neutron source (30 mCi), capable of producing a neutron field of about 13 mrem/h. This corresponds to an actual absorbed dose of ~ 1 mrad/h.
Our results shows that all plants are sensitive to nuclear radiation and some take longer time to recover and take less. We can use their characteristics to do differential detection and extract nuclear activity information out of measurement results avoid false alarms produced environmental changes. Certainly the ultimate verification can be obtained from genetic information, which only need to be done when we have seen noticeable changes on plant optical spectra, mechanical strength and electrical characteristics.
Plant electricity was discovered about 100 years ago. Until recent two decades, researchers started to notice that the electricity play a key role for plant’s communications and defense. Recently, we have demonstrated a wound-generated electrical signal, up to a few hundred mV, can be produced and propagate through the whole plant. As plants defense reactions the wound signal will activate genes and induce subsequent molecular biology responses. In this study, we further investigate the electrical response of plants when they are under nuclear radiation. We discovered nuclear radiation could produce internal voltage gradient in living trees, resulting in measureable voltage and current signals. The results was measured by attaching one of electrodes to a lower branch, close to the roots and attaching the other one to an upper branch. During irradiating, trees were set up at 1-meter far from a NIST-certified 241AmBe neutron source (30 mCi). It will produce a neutron field of about 13 mrem/h, corresponding to an actual absorbed dose of ~ 1 mrad/h by assuming the tissue is primarily water content. Once the radioactive source is pulled up from a shielded container below the tree, the system potential starts to drop and in about 6-7 hours it drops down to -220mV, eventually stabilizing at around -250mV after 10 hours of radiation. We have further observed plant electricity changes caused by x-ray, gamma-ray, and beta-ray radiations. After the sources were removed, the terminal voltage recovered and eventually returned to the original value.
In a computer network there are distinct data channels and control channels where massive amount of visual information
are transported through data channels but the information streams are routed and controlled by intelligent algorithm
through “control channels”. Recent studies on cognition and consciousness have shown that the brain control channels
are closely related to the brainwave beta (14-40 Hz) and alpha (7-13 Hz) oscillations. The high-beta wave is used by
brain to synchronize local neural activities and the alpha oscillation is for desynchronization. When two sensory inputs
are simultaneously presented to a person, the high-beta is used to select one of the inputs and the alpha is used to
deselect the other so that only one input will get the attention. In this work we demonstrated that we can scan a person’s
brain using binaural beats technique and identify the individual’s preferred control channels. The identified control
channels can then be used to influence the subject’s brain executive functions. In the experiment, an EEG measurement
system was used to record and identify a subject’s control channels. After these channels were identified, the subject was
asked to do Stroop tests. Binaural beats was again used to produce these control-channel frequencies on the subject’s
brain when we recorded the completion time of each test. We found that the high-beta signal indeed speeded up the
subject’s executive function performance and reduced the time to complete incongruent tests, while the alpha signal
didn’t seem to be able to slow down the executive function performance.
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