This paper presents a novel quality monitoring method for additive manufactured surfaces combining machine learning and light scattering. The proposed method aims to monitor undesired topographical modifications of additive manufactured surfaces by detecting changes in a scattering pattern using an autoencoder, which is an unsupervised machine learning model, trained with datasets directly measured from reference surfaces with desired surface topographies. Given the unsupervised learning nature of the autoencoder, training with datasets acquired from surfaces with deviations is not necessary, which makes the proposed method appealing, as there is no need to retrieve defective surface samples to train the autoencoder. More importantly, the autoencoder can be updated when datasets from a new type of surface with desired but different topographies are available. As scattering patterns related to new topographies are relatively easy to obtain by experiment, we demonstrate that our autoencoder can be retrained with new scattering patterns and learn to address a wider variety of surfaces, showing superior performance with respect to machine learning solutions adopting a static model, trained only once on the initially available information. Experiments performed on laser powder bed fusion surfaces show that the proposed method is effective. The relatively simple and low-cost setup of the measurement system also makes the proposed method appealing for implementation on commercial additive manufacturing machines.
Light scattering methods are promising for in-process surface measurement. Many researchers have investigated light scattering methods for evaluating surface texture. Researchers working on scatterometry have developed methods to derive surface texture parameters by solving the inverse scattering problem. However, most of the research has been focused only on texture measurement or determination of critical dimensions where feature sizes are less than the wavelength of the light source. In this paper, we propose a new light scattering method to reconstruct the surface topography of grating patterns, using a cascaded machine learning model. The experimental scattering signal can be fed into the machine learning model as the input and the surface topography can be determined as the output. The training dataset, i.e. scattering signals of different surfaces, are generated through a validated rigorous surface scattering model based on a boundary element method (BEM). In this way, the machine learning model can be trained using a big data approach including tens of thousands of datasets, which represent most of the scenarios in real cases. The cascaded machine learning model is designed as a combined top-down, two-layer model implemented using neural networks. The first layer consists of a classification model designed to determine which type of structured surface is being measured, amongst a set of predefined design variants. The second layer contains a regression model, designed to determine the values of the design parameters defining the specific type of structured surface which has been identified, for example the nominal pitch and height of its periodic features. We have developed a prototype system and conducted experiments to verify the proposed method. Structured surfaces containing grating patterns were considered, and different types of gratings were analysed. The results were validated by comparison with measurements performed with atomic force microscopy.
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