Desert use and its management play a significant role in the conservation of land resources. The premise of developing and using deserts based on local conditions includes managing the physical characteristics of sandy desert land. We explore the various achievements of remote sensing of bare soil moisture and, specifically, employ two methods involving the remote sensing of surface physical characteristics, dynamic measurements, and Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) sensing by satellite. Some observation parameters of the Earth’s surface emissivity are summarized, which were attained through remote observations. In addition, the bright temperature inversion model on the soil temperature, moisture content, and texture, and the GNSS-R soil moisture sensor and inversion model were analyzed. The influence of horizontal polarization of the surface roughness on the results of dedicated satellite measurement of emissivity was also analyzed. Further, a sensing separation model of soil moisture particle size for GNSS-R was derived. Soil moisture is related to soil reflectivity. The soil particle size determines soil porosity, which is directly related to the evaporation rate of water and affects the surface temperature, thereby affecting soil emissivity. We determined that a level of complementarity exists between the enhancement of emissivity and attenuation of reflectivity by roughness as well as between the emissivity of dedicated satellite measurement line polarization and the reflectivity of GNSS-R measurement with circular polarization. Based on this complementarity, a method of GNSS-R and dedicated satellite collaborative measurement of soil texture using satellite data is proposed. The experimental results show that the two methods are sensitive to the soil moisture content, but the sensitivity to the mixed components of sandy soil is very poor. Both the sensitivity of GNSS-R sensing to sand particle size and sand surface temperature are better than those of dedicated satellite sensing.
Based on the model of Lombardini et al. [J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol.6(6), 882–890 (1989)], which can predict the hydrodynamic damping of rough sea surfaces in the presence of oil films, the influence of sea slicks on the sea surface roughness spectrum and sea surface geometrical structure is examined briefly in the present study. On this basis, the influence of sea slicks on the angular distribution of the bistatic scattering coefficient of sea surfaces and the Doppler spectrum signature of backscattered radar sea-echo is investigated in detail based on a frequency-domain numerical method of the parallel fast multiple method. Simulation results show that Doppler spectrum signatures including Doppler shift and spectral bandwidth of radar sea-echo are significantly affected by sea slicks, which are qualitatively consistent with wave-tank or open sea measurements. Moreover, simulation results indicate that the Doppler spectrum signature is a promising technique for remote sensing of oil films floating on sea surfaces.
This paper presents the graphics processor unit (GPU)-based finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm to investigate the electromagnetic (EM) scattering from a two-dimensional target above a one-dimensional rough sea surface with the Pierson–Moskowitz spectrum. The proposed method is validated by comparing the numerical results with those obtained through sequential FDTD execution on a central processing unit, as well as through method of moments. Using compute unified device architecture technology, significant speed-up ratios are achieved. Furthermore, the speedup is improved by shared memory and asynchronous transfer.
In this paper, the graphic processor unit (GPU) implementation of the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm is presented to investigate the electromagnetic (EM) scattering from one dimensional (1-D) Gaussian rough soil surface. The FDTD lattices are truncated by uniaxial perfectly matched layer (UPML), in which the finite-difference equations are carried out for the total computation domain. Using Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) technology, significant speedup ratios are achieved for different incident frequencies, which demonstrates the efficiency of GPU accelerated the FDTD method. The validation of our method is verified by comparing the numerical results with these obtained by CPU, which shows favorable agreements.
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