The quality of the food products that humans consume is a matter of great concern because it directly affects the wellbeing of the consumers. This paper details a low-cost application for the evaluation of the pH values of fresh squishes juices correlated with the quantity of light transmitted through the samples. The juice samples were analyzed using visible sensor and with a pH-meter. The sensor acquires data in the visible domain for six channels between 450 nm and 650 nm. The analysis system was placed within an opaque container to prevent any external light to reach the surface of the visible sensor. Ambiance temperature and humidity within the container were monitored using a digital sensor. The sensors acquired data for three consecutive days. The goal of the application was to identify if there is a correlation between the pH variation and the data acquired with the AS7262 visible sensor. The results have shown that the transmission for the 450 nm channel increases over time for citric fruits (such as grapefruit, lemon and orange), whereas the pH decreases.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of permanent vision loss and visual impairment in people over 60. Early detection of the disease is essential to prevent the evolution of the disease into an advanced stage. An eye care specialist has to perform a dilated eye exam, fundoscopy, a visual acuity test, and fundus photography to determine if a patient has macular degeneration and the stage of the disease. Most of the equipment used nowadays in eye care clinics is equipped in one system with both fundus camera and OCT technology that provides more comprehensive clinical evaluations. In most countries the healthcare system suffers from a low doctor to patient ratio; due to it, diagnosis can become time-consuming and error-prone. To minimize this downfall, a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) strategy is proposed using machine learning techniques to predict the presence of age-related macular degeneration using both OCT and fundus images. The computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) is using a portable device, Jetson TX2 board, a powerful AI computer device, to predict the presence of an abnormality in the retina. A dataset composed of three categories: normal retina, dry AMD, and wet AMD from both OCT and fundus images have been used to evaluate the performance of different neuronal networks. Cost reduction and system portability are implemented with the proposed system for point of care in ophthalmology applications.
The paper is mainly focused on assessing the local effects of climate change on biodiversity, especially within the conservation of native plant species, by using a wearable plant demonstrator for chlorophyll and growth rate monitoring. The wearable proof-of-concept is implemented with: a) blue fluorescent fiber and light diffusion fiber configuration, for chlorophyll monitoring and b) optical fiber bending measurements, proportional with growing rate of the leaf. The blue fluorescent fiber from the Industrial Optical Fiber-USA is used to monitor chlorophyll fluorescence (spectral analysis) under stimulated conditions produced with light diffusion fiber. Stimulated light is induced by the light coupled to the surface of the leaf to be analyzed, using the Corning Fibrance (LDF) light diffusion fiber. The blue fluorescent fiber-BFF (peak 460 nm) is lateral sensitive and the chlorophyll fluorescence spectrum is coupled to the fiber core. The LDF is placed on the leaf, near BFF. The chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectrum falls outside the absorption spectrum of the blue fluorophore of the doped fiber core BFF. The chlorophyll fluorescence will propagate along the fiber, adding a specific spectral response corresponding to the analyzed scenario. The spectral response reflects the change with the physiological state of the photosynthetic system.
The paper presents a photonic smart-probe, based on a fluorescent fiber, dedicated for the point-of-care periodontal examination. Globally, periodontal diseases are prevalent both in developing and developed countries and affect about 20-50% of global population. The handpiece of the pressure sensitive periodontal probe should provide the accurately measurement of the depth of a pyorrhea pocket in a human or animal gum. Clinical attachment level (CAL) is the new gold standard for the diagnosis and monitoring of the periodontal disease. CAL has stimulated the recent introduction of novel periodontal probes. For point-of-care, a general dental practitioner usually uses low-cost first- or secondgeneration probes. They would require a low-cost smart-device (at least third-generation level), for accurate quick test results, light weight and easy to use, to avoid the wrong measurements. The proposed device is based on fluorescent linear optical fiber position sensor, adapted to the second-generation probe system. A modified surgical caliper with periodontal probe attachments, transforms the unit depth (mm-scale) of the probe into the cm-scale (according with the excitation length of the fluorescent fiber). The end of the fluorescent fiber is placed on the caliper scale and a SMD blue led attached to the caliper mobile arm is slid over the fluorescent fiber. The movable arm range is proportional with the mm depth of the periodontal probe into the gum. The T-Flame OceanOptics mini-spectrometer is used for signal processing. Lateral coupling of the excitation led light into the fluorescent fiber at different positions produces the emission spectral shift. Thus, the result of the energy transfer process changes for different lengths of the led excitation of the fluorescent fiber (at cm scale), as an overlap of the emission and absorption spectra of the PMMA co-doped fiber.
In data transmission systems there are applications where lateral coupling light is requested. Fluorescent optical fibers radiate light as a response to incident illumination along the side. Because of photosensitivity along the side, the plastic photo-luminescent fiber is considered a flexible coupling alternative of the light, instead of discrete position coupler or tap. Fluorescent optical fibers have been investigated for data transmission applications. With commercially available fluorescent fiber for the optical bus system and smartphone based data transmission (ASK modulation) the data rates up to 500Mbit/s are feasible, by selecting the right parameters such as short fluorescence lifetime, spectral region of the fibers correlated with light sources and photodetectors and in-fiber low spectral attenuation. The application is useful in automotive applications for data transmission and distributed sensing.
Fluorescent optical fibers employ the luminescence property of fluorescent dyes in order to radiate light as a response to incident illumination. When multiple dyes are used to dope the fiber, fluorescence results from the energy transfer between the donor and acceptor dyes and the reabsorption process.
In this work we propose a high-resolution distributed optical sensor for position monitoring developed around a yellow fluorescent fiber. Immunity vs. ambient light variations is achieved by employing the spectral behavior of the donoracceptor energy transfer mechanism and the reabsorption process. This consists in a red shift of the fiber emission peaks vs. distance.
Extensive experimentation with the laboratory proof of principle validates the proposed solution. Measurements carried out in laboratory environment under ambient illumination show that the wavelength of the emission peaks is insensitive to the intensity of the incident light, but is dependent on the variation of the ambient light color. Accordingly, rather than monitoring the wavelengths of the emission peaks, the proposed positions sensor evaluates the spectral spacing between the peaks. This provides an accurate estimate of the distance between the fiber end and the incident light application point. The proposed sensor exhibits a monotonous decrease of the spectral spacing vs. distance, which is indeed insensitive to limited variation of the ambient light.
The present work aims to provide a hybrid platform capable of complementary and sensitive detection of β-lactam antibiotics, ampicillin in particular. The use of an aptamer specific to ampicillin assures good selectivity and sensitivity for the detection of ampicillin from different matrice. This new approach is dedicated for a portable, remote sensing platform based on low-cost, small size and low-power consumption solution. The simple experimental hybrid platform integrates the results from the D-shape surface plasmon resonance plastic optical fiber (SPR-POF) and from the electrochemical (bio)sensor, for the analysis of ampicillin, delivering sensitive and reliable results. The SPR-POF already used in many previous applications is embedded in a new experimental setup with fluorescent fibers emitters, for broadband wavelength analysis, low-power consumption and low-heating capabilities of the sensing platform.
A comparative analysis of two optical fiber sensing platforms is presented. The sensors are based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in a D–shaped plastic optical fiber (POF) with a photoresist buffer layer between the exposed POF core and the thin gold film. We show how the sensor's performances change when the photoresist layer changes. The photoresist layers proposed in this analysis are SU-8 3005 and S1813. The experimental results are congruent with the numerical studies and it is instrumental for chemical and bio-chemical applications. Usually, the photoresist layer is required in order to increase the performance of the SPR-POF sensor.
The optimized geometry based on high-order active microring resonators (MRR) geometry is proposed. The solution possesses both the filtering and amplifying functions for the signal at around 1534nm (pump 976 nm). The cross-grid resonator with laterally, series-coupled triple-microrings, having 15.35μm radius, in a co-propagation topology between signal and pump, is the structure under analysis (commonly termed an add-drop filter).
The experimental results obtained with two different Plastic Optical Fiber (POF) geometries, tapered and not-tapered, for a sensor based on Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) are presented. SPR is used for determining the refractive index variations at the interface between a gold layer and a dielectric medium (aqueous medium). In this work SPR sensors in POF configurations, useful for bio-sensing applications, have been realized for the optimization of the sensitivity and experimentally tested. The results show as the sensitivity increases with the tapered POF configuration, when the refractive index of aqueous medium increases.
A detailed model of the performance of a highly Yb3+/Er3+-codoped phosphate glass add-drop filter, which combines the propagation at resonance of both pump and signal powers inside the microring resonator with their interaction with the dopant ions, is used to analyze the requirements for gain/oscillation in these structures. Special attention is paid to the influence of additional coupling losses and asymmetry between the input/output couplers. It is concluded that, due to small signal gain saturation and the limited range of pump amplitude coupling coefficients, asymmetry does not greatly influence gain/oscillation requirements through the pump intensity build-up inside the ring. Asymmetry effect on small signal intensity transfer rate and threshold gain instead allows a significant lightening of the demanding doping ions concentrations requirements to achieve oscillation.
An analytic model of the scattering response of a highly Yb3+/Er3+-codoped phosphate glass microring resonator matrix is considered to obtain the transfer functions of an M x N cross-grid microring resonator structure. Then a detailed model is used to calculate the pump and signal propagation, including a microscopic statistical formalism to describe the high-concentration induced energy-transfer mechanisms and passive and active features are combined to realistically simulate the performance as a wavelength-selective amplifier or laser. This analysis allows the optimization of these structures for telecom or sensing applications.
In this work the analytical model of the scattering response of a highly Yb3+/Er3+-codoped phosphate glass microring
resonator array is developed. The microscopic statistical formalism is used to simulate its performance as a wavelengthselective
amplifier. The performance of the integrated add-drop filter was investigated based on the signal transfer
functions for Through and Drop ports, correlated the with gain coefficient and its dependence on pump power, signal
power and Yb3+/Er3+- dopants concentration. In consequence, microring arrays with gain operating in the near infrared
spectral range and, in particular, in the 1.5-mm wavelength band (emission band of Er-doped fiber amplifiers and lasers,
already used in several bio/chemical sensing tasks) are highly attractive.
In this work an innovative and low cost optical chemical sensor, based on surface plasmon resonance in plastic optical fiber, is presented and experimentally tested for the detection and analysis of trinitrotoluene (TNT). The fabricated optical chemical sensor was realized removing the cladding of a plastic optical fiber along half the circumference, spin coating on the exposed core a buffer of Microposit S1813 photoresist, and finally sputtering a thin gold film. A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) film was deposited on the thin gold film for the selective detection of TNT. It has been found that the sensor recognizes trinitrotoluene, since the SPR signal is affected by the presence of TNT in the polymer, while with a slow response kinetics, probably due to the thickness of the polymeric layer.
Several theoretical results concerning the modelling of the Bragg gratings fabricated on Er3+-doped Ti:LiNbO3 optical waveguides operating at 1531 nm, 1300 nm and 980 nm, which corespond to the optical windows used in telecommunications are reported in this paper. The coupling coefficient and the reflectivity of the above mentioned device were evaluated for some modulation parameters: diffraction orders, crenel type periodic modulation of the refractive index differences and grating interaction lengths. These results can be used for the improvement of the fabrication processes of the above mentioned devices and other optical integrated circuits.
KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Waveguides, Signal attenuation, Near field optics, Near field, Receivers, Resonators, Transmittance, Optical testing, Integrated optics
In this paper we report some experimental and theoretical results concerning the characterization of the coupling
between optical fibers and optical waveguides using nondestructive methods. The optical transmission method was used
for the measurement of the optical attenuation in graded index profile optical fiber (&lgr;=0.63 &mgr;) and the resonator
method for Ti:LiNbO3 optical waveguides (&lgr;=1.55 &mgr;).
The refractive-index profiles of optical fibers characterized by a graded index profile and Ti:LiNbO3 optical
waveguides has been determined for &lgr;=1.55 &mgr; from near field intensity measurement using a standard optical fiber
as receiver.
The obtained results are in good agreement with other obtained by several authors and can be used for the design of
optical fiber sensors and optoelectronic integrated circuits.
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