Bio-aerosol terrorist attacks have been carried out against civilians in the United States and
elsewhere. Unfortunately, recurrence appears inevitable. A fast, reliable, and inexpensive bioaerosol
threat detection trigger can be an important tool for detect-to-protect and detect-to-treat
countermeasure scenarios. Bio-aerosol threat detection triggers employing light, historically laser
light but recently LED light, for induced native- or
auto-fluorescence (LIF) have been developed for
well over a decade without a generally accepted solution being found. This paper presents a brief
history of LIF triggers and reviews many vendor efforts, past and current. Various technical
approaches and design considerations are discussed. Triggers from ICx technology, currently
available or in development, are also discussed.
AirSentinel® is a new low cost, compact ultraviolet-based light induced fluorescence (UV-LIF) bio-aerosol threat detection trigger. Earlier UV-LIF triggers, for example, FLAPS, BARTS, BAWS, Bioni, and BioLert, have used UV laser sources to induce fluorescence of biological aerosols. Two recent developments from the DARPA MTO SUVOS program, BAST and TAC-BIO, use UV LEDs for the same purpose, thereby broadening the term UV-LIF to mean laser or LED induced autofluorescence. All of these earlier triggers interrogate aerosols on a particle-by-particle basis on- the-fly. The major trade-off for these instruments is cost, size, and complexity versus counting efficiency (probability of detection) with the lower size end of the respirable range being most difficult to detect. AirSentinel® employs a different approach to UV-LIF detection: aerosol concentration by collection on a surface, surface interrogation, and surface rejuvenation prior to repeated concentration and interrogation cycles. Aerosol particle concentration via impaction on a surface addresses the issue of small particle counting efficiency since the fluorescence from the sum of the particles is the sum of the fluorescence signals from the collected particles, typically hundreds or thousands in number. Surface interrogation for a LIF signal is accomplished by illumination with a 280 nm and/or a 365 nm LED. As expected, test results show better relative detection performance using 280 nm excitation LEDs for bio-toxin simulants and somewhat better performance at 365 nm for standard Bacillus globigii spore targets. AirSentinel® beta technology is currently in long term testing in a number of public and other government buildings.
Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) provides a real-time technique for detecting micron-size airborne pathogens. Early LIF biological particle sensors used harmonic generation of UV in solid-state lasers to excite fluorescence. UV diode lasers have several key advantages over traditional lasers: a greater selection of wavelengths for the efficient and selective excitation of specific fluorescent biological compounds; continuous output so that all sampled particles are interrogated; and the ability to combine several UV diode lasers emitting at different wavelengths into a compact multiple-wavelength source for simultaneously exciting several biofluorophores. The coincident detection of multiple biofluorophores is expected to markedly improve discrimination of airborne pathogens from non-biological background aerosols. In this paper, we describe BioLert 2x16C5+1 - a LIF bio-particle sensor with two diode lasers, detection of sixteen fluorescence emission bands bundled into five user-defined linear combinations, and an elastic scatter detector. BioLert 2x16C5+1 also features fluorescence photon counting for sensitivity sufficient to distinguish between single bacterial spores and similar size inert particles, improved signal processing for optimally distinguishing between airborne pathogens and harmless particles, and a highly integrated air sampling system.
Laser-induced fluorescence provides a real-time technique for detecting airborne pathogens. Discrimination between biological and non-biological particles can be improved by simultaneously testing for more than one of the several common biofluorophores. Typically, this requires excitation with two or more laser wavelengths, considerably increasing the cost, size and complexity of sensors based on mainframe lasers. Recent advances in UV-emitting AlGaN diode lasers present an opportunity for compact and inexpensive multi-wavelength excitation. In this paper, we will present a model for choosing the best excitation wavelengths and emission bands for discriminating between biological and non-biological particles. We will discuss recent advances in detection, and present fluorescence photon counting experimental results. We will describe techniques for simultaneous excitation and detection at multiple wavelengths to improve selectivity and guard against false positives.
America faces the threat of biological attack. Stopping such attacks requires the fast detection of pathogens. Fluorescence of key biological substances provides a real-time technique for detecting airborne pathogens. Pacific Scientific Instruments has already demonstrated that Bioni, a bio-aerosol sensor based on a CW UV-emitting AlGaN diode laser, can detect within seconds the dispersal of threat organisms in postal sorting facilities and other settings. Minimization of false positives is especially important in bio-threat detection, since false positives can lead to undue public alarm, stoppages of work, and costly clean-ups. Although Bioni has proven itself as a fast and sensitive trigger, its selectivity is limited by its single-wavelength excitation and single-band fluorescence detection. In this paper, we describe the development of BioLert, which uses simultaneous excitation and detection at multiple wavelengths to improve specificity and guard against false positives. Initial experimental results on the detection of individual spores of Bacillus globigii (BG), as well as discrimination against inert aerosols, will be discussed.
The ability to detect viable organisms in air in real time is important in a number of applications. Detecting high levels of airborne organisms in hospitals can prevent post-operative infections and the spread of diseases. Monitoring levels of airborne viable organisms in pharmaceutical facilities can ensure safe production of drugs or vaccines. Monitoring airborne bacterial levels in meat processing plants can help to prevent contamination of food products. Monitoring the level of airborne organisms in bio-containment facilities can ensure that proper procedures are being followed. Finally, detecting viable organisms in real time is a key to defending against biological agent attacks. This presentation describes the development and performance of a detector, based on fluorescence particle counting technology, where an ultraviolet laser is used to count particles by light scattering and elicit fluorescence from specific biomolecules found only in living organisms. The resulting detector can specifically detect airborne particles containing living organisms from among the large majority of other particles normally present in air. Efforts to develop the core sensor technology, focusing on integrating an UV laser with a specially designed particle-counting cell will be highlighted. The hardware/software used to capture the information from the sensor, provide an alarm in the presence of an unusual biological aerosol content will also be described. Finally, results from experiments to test the performance of the detector will be presented.
AlGaInAs semiconductor lasers operating at a wavelength of 1.3 micrometers show superior performance compared to InGaAsP lasers. Ridge guide lasers are fabricated from both material systems by the same process. The characteristic temperature To for the AlGaInAs lasers (approximately 100 degree(s)K) is about twice that of the InGaAsP lasers (approximately 50 degree(s)K) resulting in substantially lower thresholds (approximately 34 mA compared to approximately 56 mA) at 85 degree(s)C. The 3-dB modulation frequency of AlGaInAs lasers is about 25% higher than that of the InGaAsP lasers.
The electromagnetic characteristics of quantum-well structures with periodic dielectric perturbations are investigated numerically. The numerical solution of the differential equation is improved by using the implicit Range-Kutta method. By studying the mappings in the complex plane, the rule of choosing the sign of the transverse wave vector in the material with complex dielectric constant is established. In the discussion of the propagation characteristics, a comprehensive explanation of the resonance phenomena in periodic dielectric waveguides is presented. The main aim of the study is to determine grating strengths by analyzing the reflection and transmission characteristics of a quantum-well structure with a finite length grating. The power reflection and transmission are related to the grating strength in the various periodic dielectric waveguides.
In this paper we report the observation of spikes in the intensity power spectra of strained- layer multiple quantum well lasers emitting at wavelengths of 1.3 micrometers and 1.5 micrometers . The spacing between the spikes on fiber-pigtailed lasers was equal to the mode spacing of the fiber resonator (Delta) (nu) fiber equals c/(2 NgL) where c is the speed of light, Ng is the group index, and L is the length of the fiber.
Interelement optical coupling introduces microwave frequency time constants to semiconductor laser array systems. The phenomenon is related to beating between lateral array modes and can take place at frequencies from 10 to 50 GHz for typical array designs employing index guided elements. Linearized coupled rate equation analysis has previously found small-signal modulation resonances at those frequencies. Here, the full rate equation theory is used for large signal analysis and novel schemes for utilizing those microwave frequency resonances for high speed optical signal transmission are theoretically demonstrated. We show, for example, that digital signals with bit rates many times the relaxation oscillation frequency are possible in principle.
Based on a combination of high quality materials, advanced design considerations, and focused-ion-beam micromachining, unstable resonator semiconductor lasers (URSLs) have been fabricated in several material systems. GaAs/AlGaAs, InGaAs/GaAs, and GaInP/AlGaInP URSLs fabricated by FIBM have achieved brightness values of 100 to 400 MW/cm2/Sr which is one to two orders of magnitude greater than the brightness of commercial semiconductor lasers produced from the same material systems and with comparable dimensions.
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