Dr. Robert A. Norwood Profile

Dr. Robert A. Norwood

Professor at Wyant College of Optical Sciences

SPIE Involvement:

Conference Program Committee | Author

Area of Expertise:

integrated photonics , optical materials , optical communications , optical polymers , nonlinear optics , nanophotonics

Publications (83)

Proceedings Article | 1 October 2024 Presentation

DSG optics for infrared optical imaging

Kyung-Jo Kim, Byeongjoon Jeong, Jake Molineux, Young-Jae Kim, Min-Gab Bog, Jeffrey Pyun, Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume PC13134, PC1313407 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3028249

KEYWORDS: Infrared imaging, Infrared radiation, Optical imaging, Polymers, Infrared sensors, Infrared cameras, Fabrication, Diffraction gratings, Diamond turning, Copolymers

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2022 Presentation

Polycalc optics for infrared optical imaging (Conference Presentation)

Kyung-Jo Kim, Kate Newcomer, Sasaan Showghi, Jay Liebowitz, Robert Norwood, Heejoo Choi

Proceedings Volume 12219, 122190J (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2634177

KEYWORDS: Thermography, Infrared imaging, Infrared radiation, Optical imaging, Packaging, Infrared sensors, Wafer-level optics, Resistance, Polymers, Optical components

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Presentation

Polymer optical interconnects for silicon photonics: towards optical printed circuit boards

Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 11692, 116920L (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2579100

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Optical interconnects, Silicon photonics, Optical printed circuit boards, Waveguides, Refractive index, Ultraviolet radiation, Tolerancing, Single mode fibers

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Presentation

Micro/nanofabrication of chalcogenide hybrid inorganic-organic polymers for infrared photonics applications

Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 11696, 116960N (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2584117

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Infrared radiation, Photonics, Infrared photography, Chalcogenides, Mid-IR, Fabrication, Short wave infrared radiation, Refractive index, Reactive ion etching

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2019 Presentation

Polymeric infrared antireflection coating for silicon substrates (Conference Presentation)

Nicholas Lyons, Abhinav Nishant, Laura Anderson, Tristan Kleine, Katrina Konopka, Jeffrey Pyun, Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 10914, 109140C (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2508861

KEYWORDS: Antireflective coatings, Polymers, Silicon, Infrared radiation, Infrared coatings, Optical coatings, Chemical vapor deposition, Sulfur, Mid-IR, Chemical elements

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Proceedings Article | 4 March 2019 Presentation

High sulfur content photo-bleached polymer waveguides for mid-infrared optical applications (Conference Presentation)

Abhinav Nishant, Laura Anderson, Tristan Kleine, Katrina Konopka, Jeffrey Pyun, Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 10921, 109210F (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2508848

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Mid-IR, Waveguides, Sulfur, Polymer multimode waveguides, Short wave infrared radiation, Photonics, Photorefractive polymers, Refractive index, Infrared radiation

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Proceedings Article | 18 September 2018 Presentation

Design and characterization of freeform waveguides for solar concentrated PV technology (Conference Presentation)

Liliana Ruiz Diaz, Remington Ketchum, Nicholas Lyons, Sifang Cui, Michael Frasier, Pierre-Alexandre Blanche, Kyungjo Kim, Hao Chih Yuan, Wei Pan, Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 10758, 107580Q (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2504216

KEYWORDS: Solar cells, Waveguides, Solar energy, Optical components, Crystals, Silicon solar cells, Silicon, Sun, Semiconductors, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 14 March 2018 Presentation

High-reflectivity Bragg mirrors for IR applications using novel chalcogenide hybrid inorganic/organic polymers (CHIPs) (Conference Presentation)

Liliana Ruiz Diaz, Laura Anderson, Katrina Konopka, Tristan Kleine, Jeffrey Pyun, Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 10526, 105260S (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2289558

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Refractive index, Reflectivity, Chalcogenides, Polymers, Infrared materials, Optoelectronic devices, Mid-IR, Photonic crystals, Thin films

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Proceedings Article | 19 April 2017 Presentation

Relaxed tolerance adiabatic silicon coupler for high I/O port-density optical interconnects (Conference Presentation)

Erfan Fard, Robert Norwood, Nasser Peyghambarian, Thomas Koch

Proceedings Volume 10106, 101060S (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2253545

KEYWORDS: Instrument modeling, Waveguides, Silicon, Polymer multimode waveguides, Polymers, Tolerancing, Optical interconnects, Analytical research, Silicon photonics, Finite element methods

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Proceedings Article | 19 April 2017 Presentation

Subpicometer thermal shifts in silicon photonic micro-ring resonators with sol-gel claddings (Conference Presentation)

Soha Namnabat, Kyung-Jo Kim, Adam Jones, Roland Himmelhuber, Christopher DeRose, Andrew Pomerene, Tony Lentine, Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 10106, 101061E (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2251920

KEYWORDS: Thermography, Resonators, Silicon photonics, Sol-gels, Silicon, Cladding, Thermal optics, Silica, Polymers, Microrings

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Proceedings Article | 3 November 2016 Presentation

Ultrahigh refractive index chalcogenide based copolymers for infrared optics (Conference Presentation)

Laura Anderson, Soha Namnabat, Kookheon Char, Richard Glass, Robert Norwood, Jeffrey Pyun

Proceedings Volume 9939, 99390I (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2237005

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Refractive index, Chalcogenides, Infrared radiation, Integrated optics, Crystals, Transparency, Mid-IR, Sulfur, Electronic components

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Proceedings Article | 3 November 2016 Paper

Compact high-repetition-rate terahertz source based on difference frequency generation from an efficient 2-μm dual-wavelength KTP OPO

Jialin Mei, Kai Zhong, Maorong Wang, Pengxiang Liu, Degang Xu, Yuye Wang, Wei Shi, Jianquan Yao, Robert Norwood, Nasser Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 10030, 100301Q (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2245692

KEYWORDS: Terahertz radiation, Optical parametric oscillators, Difference frequency generation, Ferroelectric materials, Crystals, Gallium arsenide, Gases, Laser crystals, Mirrors, Nonlinear crystals

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 2016 Presentation + Paper

Mechanisms for the reciprocity failure in photorefractive polymers

Pierre-Alexandre Blanche, Brittany Lynn, Robert Norwood, Nasser Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 9939, 99390J (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2239336

KEYWORDS: Photorefractive polymers, Pulsed laser operation, Polymers, Holography, Continuous wave operation, Electroluminescent displays, 3D displays, Electrodes, Modulation, Bragg cells

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2015 Paper

Advances in photorefractive polymers and applications

P.-A. Blanche, B. Lynn, R. Norwood, N. Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 9564, 95640Q (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2186118

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Pulsed laser operation, Holography, Photorefractive polymers, Diffraction gratings, 3D displays, Electrodes, Chromophores, Continuous wave operation, Fiber lasers

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2015 Paper

Analysis of quasi-periodic pore-network structure of centric marine diatom frustules

Gregory Cohoon, Christine Alvarez, Keith Meyers, Dimitri Deheyn, Mark Hildebrand, Khanh Kieu, Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 9341, 93410G (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2079960

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Ocean optics, Biological research, Photonic crystals, Image analysis, Scanning electron microscopy, Optical properties, Binary data, Silica, Image processing

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2014 Paper

Nanophotonic materials and devices: driving the big data engine

R. Norwood

Proceedings Volume 9186, 91860R (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2064625

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Nanophotonics, Composites, Nanoparticles, Electro optic polymers, Photonics, Silicon, Modulators, Semiconductors, Internet

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Proceedings Article | 24 June 2014 Paper

Sulfur copolymers for infrared optical imaging

S. Namnabat, J. Gabriel, J. Pyun, R. Norwood, E. Dereniak, J. van der Laan

Proceedings Volume 9070, 90702H (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2057849

KEYWORDS: Sulfur, Polymers, Refractive index, Infrared radiation, Thermography, Absorption, Mid-IR, Glasses, Chemical species, Infrared imaging

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Proceedings Article | 8 March 2014 Paper

Silicon/electro-optic polymer hybrid directional coupler switch

Oscar Herrera, Roland Himmelhuber, Kyung-Jo Kim, Robert Norwood, Nasser Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 8991, 89910Q (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2040068

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Electrodes, Polymers, Silicon, Directional couplers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Electro optic polymers, Switches, Switching, Refractive index

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Proceedings Article | 8 March 2014 Paper

Microsecond regime optical cross connect: 32 port to 32 port scalable device

Brittany Lynn, Alexander Miles, Pierre-Alexandre Blanche, John Wissinger, Daniel Carothers, Robert Norwood, N. Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 8991, 89910S (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2040303

KEYWORDS: Digital micromirror devices, Switches, Optical switching, Mirrors, Switching, Diffraction, Binary data, Data centers, Signal attenuation, Microelectromechanical systems

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Proceedings Article | 7 March 2014 Paper

Microsecond reconfigurable NxN data-communication switch using DMD

Pierre-Alexandre Blanche, Alexander Miles, Brittany Lynn, John Wissinger, Daniel Carothers, Robert Norwood, Nasser Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 8979, 89790C (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2036780

KEYWORDS: Switches, Digital micromirror devices, Optical switching, Mirrors, Diffraction, Holograms, Microelectromechanical systems, Networks, Chemical elements, Collimation

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Proceedings Article | 7 March 2014 Paper

Optical properties of sulfur copolymers for infrared applications

Soha Namnabat, Jared Gabriel, Jeffrey Pyun, Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 8983, 89830D (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2040771

KEYWORDS: Sulfur, Polymers, Refractive index, Infrared radiation, Absorption, Mid-IR, Glasses, Optical properties, Chemical species, Visible radiation

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Proceedings Article | 7 March 2014 Paper

Nanolaminate structures fabricated by ALD for reducing propagation losses and enhancing the third-order optical nonlinearities

Lasse Karvonen, Tapani Alasaarela, Henri Jussila, Soroush Mehravar, Ya Chen, Antti Säynätjoki, Robert Norwood, Nasser Peyghambarian, Khanh Kieu, Seppo Honkanen, Harri Lipsanen

Proceedings Volume 8982, 89820O (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2045006

KEYWORDS: Zinc oxide, Crystals, Atomic layer deposition, Nonlinear optics, Corundum, Nanolithography, Refractive index, Waveguides, Aluminum, Titanium dioxide

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Proceedings Article | 4 March 2014 Paper

Multiphoton excitation of organic chromophores in microbubble resonators

Gregory Cohoon, Khanh Kieu, Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 8960, 89600L (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2038053

KEYWORDS: Resonators, Luminescence, Rhodamine, Capillaries, Nonlinear optics, Optical fibers, Liquids, Chromophores, Microresonators, Signal processing

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Proceedings Article | 19 February 2014 Paper

Plasmon-enhanced ultrathin bulk heterojunction: interplay between optical and thermal responses of AuNPs

Shiva Shahin, Palash Gangopadhyay, Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 8996, 89960M (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2058057

KEYWORDS: Absorption, Particles, Excitons, Heterojunctions, Thermography, Temperature metrology, Plasmonics, Metals, Gold, Nanoparticles

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2013 Paper

Nonlinear optical transmission of lead phthalocyanines in polymeric matrix

C.-X. Sheng, R. Wang, H. Li, Q. Chen, R. Norwood

Proceedings Volume 8924, 89241T (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2034202

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Transmittance, Lead, Polymethylmethacrylate, Nonlinear optics, Polymer thin films, Laser damage threshold, Glasses, Composites, Matrices

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Proceedings Article | 1 October 2013 Open Access

Biological and biologically inspired photonic materials and devices

R. Norwood

Proceedings Volume 8817, 881706 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2029592

KEYWORDS: Microrings, Photonic crystals, Waveguides, Luminescence, Nanocomposites, Finite-difference time-domain method, Silicon, Biomedical optics, Particles, Photonic devices

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Proceedings Article | 18 September 2013 Paper

Interface between C60 and Ag on nanostructured plasmonic Ag gratings: a SERS study

Akram Khosroabadi, Dallas Matz, Palash Gangopadhyay, Jeanne Pemberton, Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 8809, 88091L (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2024333

KEYWORDS: Silver, Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Molecules, Metals, Interfaces, Nanostructuring, Raman spectroscopy, Electrodes, Raman scattering, Plasmonics

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2013 Paper

Shape engineering to promote head-tail interactions of electro-optic chromophores

Cheng Zhang, Lianjie Zhang, Stephanie Benight, Benjamin Olbricht, Lewis Johnson, Bruce Robinson, Robert Norwood, Larry Dalton

Proceedings Volume 8827, 882705 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2025676

KEYWORDS: Chromophores, Electro optics, Absorption, Optical alignment, Solid state physics, Polymers, Temperature metrology, Molecules, Scanning transmission electron microscopy, Chemistry

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Proceedings Article | 26 February 2013 Paper

Single-frequency ytterbium-doped fiber laser at 976 nm

X. Zhu, W. Shi, J. Zong, D. Nguyen, R. Norwood, A. Chavez-Pirson, N. Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 8601, 86010X (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2003207

KEYWORDS: Fiber lasers, Fiber Bragg gratings, Second-harmonic generation, Ytterbium, Semiconductor lasers, Signal to noise ratio, Fiber amplifiers, Wavelength division multiplexing, Polarization, Laser crystals

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Proceedings Article | 26 February 2013 Paper

Single-frequency, single-polarization holmium-doped ZBLAN fiber laser

X. Zhu, J. Zong, A. Miller, K. Wiersma, R. Norwood, N. Prasad, A. Chavez-Pirson, N. Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 8601, 86010Y (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2003214

KEYWORDS: Fiber lasers, ZBLAN, Optical fibers, Fiber Bragg gratings, Glasses, Absorption, Polarization, Photonics, Cladding, Raman spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 26 February 2013 Paper

Picosecond passively mode-locked mid-infrared fiber laser

C. Wei, X. Zhu, R. Norwood, K. Kieu, N. Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 8601, 86011G (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2003219

KEYWORDS: Fiber lasers, Mode locking, ZBLAN, Crystals, Laser crystals, Picosecond phenomena, Mid-IR, Q switching, Continuous wave operation, Pulsed laser operation

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Mode-locked mid-infrared (mid-IR) fiber lasers are of increasing interest due to their many potential applications in spectroscopic sensors, infrared countermeasures, laser surgery, and high-efficiency pump sources for nonlinear wavelength convertors. Er³⁺-doped ZBLAN (ZrF₄-BaF₂-LaF₃-AlF₃-NaF) fiber lasers, which can emit mid-IR light at 2.65-2.9 μm through the transition from the upper energy level ⁴I_11/2 to the lower laser level ⁴I_13/2, have attracted much attention because of their broad emission range, high optical efficiency, and the ready availability of diode pump lasers at the two absorption peaks of Er³⁺ ions (975 nm and 976 nm). In recent years, significant progress on high power Er³⁺- doped ZBLAN fiber lasers has been achieved and over 20 watt cw output at 2.8 μm has been demonstrated; however, there has been little progress on ultrafast mid-IR ZBLAN fiber lasers to date. We report a passively mode-locked Er³⁺- doped ZBLAN fiber laser in which a Fe²⁺:ZnSe crystal was used as the intracavity saturable absorber. Fe²⁺:ZnSe is an ideal material for mid-IR laser pulse generation because of its large saturable absorption cross-section and small saturation energy along with the excellent opto-mechanical (damage threshold ~2 J/cm²) and physical characteristics of the crystalline ZnSe host. A 1.6 m double-clad 8 mol% Er³⁺-doped ZBLAN fiber was used in our experiment. The fiber core has a diameter of 15 μm and a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.1. The inner circular cladding has a diameter of 125 μm and an NA of 0.5. Both continuous-wave and Q-switched mode-locking pulses at 2.8 μm were obtained. Continuous-wave mode locking operation with a pulse duration of 19 ps and an average power of 51 mW were achieved when a collimated beam traversed the Fe²⁺:ZnSe crystal. When the cavity was modified to provide a focused beam at the Fe²⁺:ZnSe crystal, Q-switched mode-locked operation with a pulse duration of 60 ps and an average power of 4.6 mW was achieved. More powerful and narrower pulses are expected if the dispersion of the cavity can be properly managed.

Proceedings Article | 21 February 2013 Paper

Spectroscopic ellipsometry study of novel nanostructured transparent conducting oxide structures

Akram Khosroabadi, R. Norwood

Proceedings Volume 8632, 86320I (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2002827

KEYWORDS: Ellipsometry, Nanostructuring, Absorption, Dielectrics, Oscillators, Refractive index, Indium, Glasses, Tin, Thin films

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Proceedings Article | 12 October 2012 Paper

Plasmonic-enhanced organic solar cells

Shiva Shahin, Palash Gangopadhyay, Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 8471, 84710D (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.930406

KEYWORDS: Solar cells, Plasmonics, Nanoparticles, Gold, Organic photovoltaics, Absorption, Solar energy, Silicon, Silver, Excitons

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Proceedings Article | 31 May 2012 Paper

Single layer spectro-polarimetric filter for advanced LWIR FPAs

A. Jones, S. Kemme, D. Scrymgeour, R. Norwood

Proceedings Volume 8353, 83531Z (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.919313

KEYWORDS: Long wavelength infrared, Dielectric polarization, Metals, Dielectrics, Refractive index, Optical filters, Staring arrays, Optical design, Polarization, Waveguides

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Proceedings Article | 25 May 2012 Paper

Solar-powered ad-hoc wireless sensor network for border surveillance

Jun He, Robert Norwood, Mahmoud Fallahi, Nasser Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 8377, 83770T (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.919200

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Sensor networks, Solar energy, Surveillance, Homeland security, Energy harvesting, Border security, Wind energy, Environmental sensing, Motion detection

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Proceedings Article | 16 February 2012 Paper

Holmium-doped ZBLAN fiber lasers at 1.2 µm

X. Zhu, J. Zong, R. Norwood, A. Chavez-Person, N. Peyghambarian, N. Prasad

Proceedings Volume 8237, 823727 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.906795

KEYWORDS: ZBLAN, Fiber lasers, Glasses, Absorption, Luminescence, Holmium, Fiber amplifiers, Ions, Raman spectroscopy, Optical fibers

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Proceedings Article | 17 September 2011 Paper

Recent advances in photorefractive polymers

Jayan Thomas, C. Christenson, B. Lynn, P.-A. Blanche, R. Voorakaranam, R. Norwood, M. Yamamoto, N. Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 8113, 811302 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.897093

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Composites, 3D displays, Holography, Chromophores, Diffraction, Photorefractive polymers, Holograms, 3D image processing, Glasses

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Proceedings Article | 3 June 2011 Paper

Smart border: ad-hoc wireless sensor networks for border surveillance

Jun He, Mahmoud Fallahi, Robert Norwood, Nasser Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 8019, 80190Z (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.883320

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Sensor networks, Surveillance, Homeland security, Solar cells, Visualization, Human-machine interfaces, Machine learning, Cameras, Computer intrusion detection

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Proceedings Article | 24 August 2010 Paper

Hybrid DNA materials for energy storage

R. Norwood, J. Thomas, N. Peyghambarian, J. Wang, L. Li, F. Ouchen, J. Grote

Proceedings Volume 7765, 77650H (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862412

KEYWORDS: Dielectrics, Nanoparticles, Capacitors, Thin films, Composites, Sol-gels, Ferroelectric materials, Nanocomposites, Dielectric breakdown, Polymers

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Proceedings Article | 18 August 2010 Paper

Multiple spectral window mirrors based on Fibonacci chains of dielectric layers and applications

Dan Nguyen, Robert Norwood, Nasser Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 7781, 77810B (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.861178

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Reflectivity, Dielectrics, Photonics, Optical limiting, Silica, Visible radiation, Optoelectronics, Refractive index, Nonlinear optics

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Proceedings Article | 18 August 2010 Paper

Mach-Zehnder interferometry method for decoupling electro-optic and piezoelectric tensor components in poled polymer films

Charles Greenlee, Anael Guilmo, Ayodeji Opadeyi, Roland Himmelhuber, Robert Norwood, Mahmoud Fallahi, Jingdong Luo, Su Huang, Xing-Hua Zhou, Alex K.-Y. Jen, Nasser Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 7774, 77740D (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862509

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Modulation, Gold, Ellipsometry, Interferometry, Electro optics, Electroactive polymers, Glasses, Reflection, Interferometers

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Proceedings Article | 5 May 2010 Paper

Solar powered wireless sensor systems for border security

Hongxi Zhang, Mahmoud Fallahi, Stanley Pau, Robert Norwood, Nasser Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 7666, 766621 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.849247

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Sensor networks, Solar cells, Environmental monitoring, Homeland security, Border security, Humidity, Solar energy, Environmental sensing, Surveillance

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Proceedings Article | 12 March 2010 Paper

Fabrication and characterization of an indium tin oxide acoustoelectric hydrophone

Pier Ingram, Charles Greenlee, Zhaohui Wang, Ragnar Olafsson, Robert Norwood, Russell Witte

Proceedings Volume 7629, 76290O (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.845631

KEYWORDS: Transducers, Gold, Electrodes, Ultrasonography, Acoustics, Sensors, Indium, Tin, Oxides, Imaging arrays

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Proceedings Article | 12 March 2010 Paper

Simulation-based optimization of the acoustoelectric hydrophone for mapping an ultrasound beam

Zhaohui Wang, Pier Ingram, Ragnar Olafsson, Charles Greenlee, Robert Norwood, Russell Witte

Proceedings Volume 7629, 76290Q (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.844651

KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, Transducers, Optical simulations, Signal to noise ratio, Gold, Signal detection, Fourier transforms, Acoustics, Electrodes, Interference (communication)

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Proceedings Article | 1 March 2010 Paper

Novel nonlinear transmission of porphyrin complexes containing rhenium selenide clusters

J. Wang, X. Zhu, X. Tu, Z. Zheng, R. Norwood, D. Steeves, B. Kimball, N. Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 7599, 759918 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.842443

KEYWORDS: Absorption, Rhenium, Metals, Molecules, Copper, Nonlinear optics, Transmittance, Chemical species, Laser damage threshold, Saturable absorption

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Proceedings Article | 1 March 2010 Paper

Complementary grating dynamics in photorefractive polymers with Alq3

Cory Christenson, Jayan Thomas, Pierre-Alexandre Blanche, Ram Voorakaranam, Robert Norwood, Michiharu Yamamoto, N. Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 7599, 759905 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.841039

KEYWORDS: Electron transport, Photorefractive polymers, Absorption, Polymers, Composites, Ocean optics, Molecules, Aluminum, Holography, Dielectrics

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Proceedings Article | 1 March 2010 Paper

Nonlinear transmission using highly nonlinear Bragg mirrors

X. Zhu, J. Wang, P. Lau, D. Nguyen, R. Norwood, D. Steeves, B. Kimball, N. Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 7599, 759915 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.841004

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Nonlinear optics, Oxides, Refractive index, Transition metals, Polymers, Absorption, Thin films, Optical switching, Optical limiting

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Proceedings Article | 11 February 2010 Paper

Future of photorefractive based holographic 3D display

P.-A. Blanche, A. Bablumian, R. Voorakaranam, C. Christenson, D. Lemieux, J. Thomas, R. Norwood, M. Yamamoto, N. Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 7619, 76190L (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.841442

KEYWORDS: Holograms, Holography, 3D displays, Pulsed laser operation, Multiplexing, Video, Eye, Photorefractive polymers, Medical imaging, Manufacturing

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2009 Paper

Dielectric and electrical properties of sol-gel/DNA blends

R. Norwood, C. DeRose, R. Himmelhuber, N. Peyghambarian, J. Wang, L. Li, F. Ouchen, J. Grote

Proceedings Volume 7403, 74030A (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.830978

KEYWORDS: Dielectrics, Sol-gels, Capacitors, Thin films, Polymers, Dielectric breakdown, Temperature metrology, Polymer thin films, Capacitance, Glasses

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2009 Paper

Magnetic and magneto optic properties of substituted polythiophenes

Palash Gangopadhyay, Guy Koeckelberghs, Alejandra Lopez-Santiago, Robert Norwood, Nasser Peyghambarian, André Persoons

Proceedings Volume 7413, 74130F (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.829331

KEYWORDS: Magnetism, Polymers, Thin films, Polymer thin films, Nickel, Polarons, Magnesium, Molybdenum, Electro optic polymers, Statistical analysis

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Proceedings Article | 24 February 2009 Paper

An evaporative co-assembly method for highly ordered inverse opal films

Benjamin Hatton, Lidiya Mishchenko, Robert Norwood, Stan Davis, Kenneth Sandhage, Joanna Aizenberg

Proceedings Volume 7205, 72050F (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.809656

KEYWORDS: Silica, Crystals, Sol-gels, Polymers, Polymer thin films, Silicates, Photonic crystals, Polymethylmethacrylate, Control systems, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 2 September 2008 Paper

UV-patternable inorganic-organic hybrid materials tailored for use in electro-optic modulators

Roland Himmelhuber, Christopher DeRose, Robert Norwood, Nasser Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 7049, 70490G (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.797544

KEYWORDS: Sol-gels, Waveguides, Refractive index, Polymers, Liquids, Silicon, Cladding, Water, Absorption, Zirconium

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Proceedings Article | 11 February 2008 Paper

Polymer nanocomposite infiltration of silicon photonic crystals

Savaş Tay, Jayan Thomas, Babak Momeni, Murtaza Askari, Peter Hotchkiss, Simon Jones, Seth Marder, Ali Adibi, Robert Norwood, N. Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 6901, 690114 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.778568

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Nanocomposites, Nanoparticles, Photonic crystals, Refractive index, Crystals, Photorefractive polymers, Composites, Silicon photonics, Titanium dioxide

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Proceedings Article | 20 February 2007 Paper

A hybrid sol-gel reverse-mesa waveguide using lanthanide phosphate nanoparticles for optical amplification

Haiyong Gan, Li Li, Christopher DeRose, Robert Norwood, Channa De Silva, Zhiping Zheng, Nasser Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 6469, 64690B (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.700876

KEYWORDS: Nanoparticles, Erbium, Waveguides, Sol-gels, Ytterbium, Lanthanum, Ions, Refractive index, Nanocomposites, Optical amplifiers

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Organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel materials have been widely used for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices due to advantages such as low cost, low loss, low temperature fabrication, ease of processing, good thermal and mechanical stability, and large refractive index tunability. However, the residual OH-like groups remaining after low temperature treatment have hindered the development of the erbium doped waveguide amplifiers working at ~1550 nm. A variety of means have been adopted to overcome this problem: (1) low vibration energy deuterated or fluorinated polymers have been applied as matrix materials; (2) erbium ions have been incorporated into organic or inorganic complexes for protection and the ligands of the complexes have been further modified to reduce the vibrational energy or increase the pump energy transfer efficiency; and (3) the erbium ions have been shielded in inorganic nanoparticles or other micro-structures. Doping erbium ions along with ytterbium ions to increase the pumping efficiency in lanthanum phosphate nanoparticles appears to be a very promising approach since (i) the emission lifetime is fairly long; (ii) at ~1550 nm the nanoparticles are transparent and have a refractive index very close to that of standard optical fiber; and (iii) the nanoparticles are highly dispersible in most organic media. Here we demonstrate how Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ containing lanthanum phosphate nanoparticles dispersed in an organically modified sol-gel can be used in a reverse mesa waveguide to achieve optical signal enhancement. Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ containing lanthanum phosphate nanoparticles have been synthesized with a molar ratio of La:Yb:Er = 76:21:3 and dispersed in cyclopentanone with 30wt% hydrolyzed MAPTMS. The composite has been incorporated into a 4mm reverse mesa waveguide prepared using an organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel material based on MAPTMS and zirconium n-propoxide. An optical signal enhancement of ~2 dB/cm at 1527 nm has been obtained using a 200 mW 980 nm pump laser. Modeling analyses have shown that the overall performance can be further improved. The results indicate that such hybrid sol-gel reverse mesa waveguides using Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ containing lanthanum phosphate nanoparticles are very promising for optical amplifiers in integrated optical systems.

Proceedings Article | 7 February 2007 Paper

Optical modulation from an electro-optic polymer based hybrid Fabry-Pérot étalon using transparent conducting oxides

Haiyong Gan, Hongxi Zhang, Christopher DeRose, Robert Norwood, Mahmoud Fallahi, Jingdong Luo, Alex K.-Y. Jen, Boyang Liu, Seng-Tiong Ho, Nasser Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 6470, 64700F (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.701256

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Modulation, Electrodes, Spatial light modulators, Electro optic polymers, Mirrors, Telecommunications, Fabry–Perot interferometers, Indium, Absorption

Read Abstract +

Fabry-Perot etalons using electro-optic (EO) organic materials can be used for devices such as tunable filters and spatial light modulators (SLM's) for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) communication systems^1-5 and ultrafast imaging systems. For these applications the SLM's need to have: (i) low insertion loss, (ii) high speed operation, and (iii) large modulation depth with low drive voltage. Recently, there have been three developments which together can enhance the SLM performance to a higher level. First, low loss distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirrors are now used in SLM's to replace thin metal mirrors, resulting in reduced transmission loss, high reflectivity (>99%) and high finesse. Second, EO polymer materials have shown excellent properties for wide bandwidth optical modulation for information technology due to their fabrication flexibility, compatibility with high speed operation, and large EO coefficients at telecommunication wavelengths. For instance, the EO polymer AJL8/APC (AJL8: nonlinear optical chromophore, and APC: amorphous polycarbonate has recently been incorporated into waveguide modulators and achieved good performance for optical modulation. Finally, very low loss transparent conducting oxide (TCO) electrodes have drawn increasing attention for applications in optoelectronic devices. Here we will address how the low loss indium oxide (In₂O₃) electrodes with an absorption coefficient ~1000/cm and conductivity ~204 S/cm can help improve the modulation performance of EO polymer Fabry-Pérot étalons using the advanced electro-optic (EO) polymer material (AJL8/APC). A hybrid etalon structure with one highly conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode outside the etalon cavity and one low-absorption In₂O₃ electrode inside etalon cavity has been demonstrated. High finesse (~234), improved effective applied voltage ratio (~0.25), and low insertion loss (~4 dB) have been obtained. A 10 dB isolation ratio and ~10% modulation depth at 200 kHz with only 5 V applied voltage have been achieved. These results indicate that such etalons are very promising candidates for ultrafast spatial light modulation in information technology.

Proceedings Article | 7 February 2007 Paper

Improvement of electro-optic effect and novel waveguide structure in hybrid polymer/sol-gel modulators

Y. Enami, C. DeRose, C. Loychik, D. Mathine, R. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, N. Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 6470, 64700G (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.712979

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Modulators, Sol-gels, Waveguides, Polymer multimode waveguides, Electrodes, Cladding, Electro optic polymers, Polymer thin films, Modulation

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 6 October 2006 Paper

Photorefractive polymer in reflection geometry with large efficiency

Muhsin Eralp, Jayan Thomas, Savaş Tay, Guoqiang Li, Robert Norwood, Nasser Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 6331, 63310B (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.702834

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Reflection, Polymers, Diffraction gratings, Photorefractive polymers, Refractive index, Chromophores, Composites, Birefringence, Holograms

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 14 September 2006 Paper

New organic infiltrants for 2-D and 3-D photonic crystals

Robert Norwood, Hiroshi Sumimura, Savaş Tay, Konstantin Yamnitsky, Alexander Kropachev, Jayan Thomas, Nasser Peyghambarian, J. H. Moon, Shu Yang, Terje Skotheim

Proceedings Volume 6331, 63310A (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.684056

KEYWORDS: Photonic crystals, Refractive index, Silicon, Metals, Chemical vapor deposition, Carbon, Polymers, Infrared radiation, Diffraction, Glasses

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 13 September 2006 Paper

Photorefractive polymers with sub-millisecond response time

Jayan Thomas, Muhsin Eralp, Savaş Tay, Guoqiang Li, Peng Wang, Michiharu Yamamoto, Axel Schülzgen, Robert Norwood, Nasser Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 6335, 633503 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.681879

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Polymers, Holography, Composites, Photorefractive polymers, Holograms, Diffraction gratings, Chromophores, Absorption, Pulsed laser operation

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 30 August 2006 Paper

Efficient local fixing of photorefractive polymer holograms using a laser beam

Guoqiang Li, Peng Wang, Muhsin Eralp, Jayan Thomas, R. Norwood, Michi Yamamoto, N. Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 6314, 631401 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.681461

KEYWORDS: Holograms, Polymers, Gas lasers, Holography, Carbon monoxide, Glasses, Photorefractive polymers, Sapphire, Diffraction, Data storage

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 30 August 2005 Paper

Lanthanide nanoparticle doped low-loss sol-gel amplifier materials

Haiyong Gan, Robert Norwood, Li Li, Christopher DeRose, Jianfeng Wu, Jayan Thomas, M. Amir Fardad, Axel Schuelzgen, Nasser Peyghambarian, Channa De Silva, Zhiping Zheng

Proceedings Volume 5935, 59350D (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.619565

KEYWORDS: Erbium, Nanoparticles, Sol-gels, Ions, Lanthanum, Refractive index, Waveguides, Polymers, Absorption, Optical amplifiers

Read Abstract +

Organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel materials have attracted increasing attention in recent years as low-cost, rugged materials for integrated optical devices such as optical couplers, splitters, and electro-optic modulators. These materials can be easily processed by spin-coating, wet-etching photolithography, and low-temperature baking. Precise control of waveguide core-cladding refractive indices produces well-confined low-loss propagation and good matching of the absolute refractive index to that of fused silica results in low optical coupling loss to optical fiber. The increased thermal and mechanical stability of these materials, relative to optical polymers, results in numerous packaging options and improved reliability. However organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel materials have not yet been often used as host of active dopants such as erbium (III) ions for 1550nm optical amplification. This limitation owes primarily to matrix and chelate dominated nonradiative relaxation processes, as high phonon energy OH and OH-like oscillators can bridge off the energy from the excited erbium (III) ions at very high rates. Different strategies have been proposed to protect erbium (III) ions from matrix and chelate quenching, including host and ligand fluorination, and inorganic microstructure shielding. Here we report on our work of encapsulating erbium (III) ions in transparent, refractive index matched, and highly re-dispersible lanthanum phosphate nanoparticles and the work of examining the optical properties of these nanoparticles as active dopants in organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gels adopting 2-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (MAPTMS) as a precursor. 980nm laser pumped photoluminescence at 1535nm was obtained from solid bulk samples of 300mg La.₉₉Er.₀₁PO₄ nanoparticles doped in 1mL hybrid sol-gel. Thick bulk samples of this composition exhibited exceptional clarity and little trace of nanoparticle scattering effects. The lifetime of the nanoparticle doped hybrid sol-gel composite was measured to be 220μs, indicating an intermediate relaxation rate between that of an erbium organic complex and annealed erbium doped glass. La.₉₉Er.₀₁PO₄ nanoparticle doped hybrid sol-gel films were also prepared and the refractive index was measured to be 1.4966 at 1550nm, which is very close to that of optical fiber and provides a suitable index difference from an undoped and metal oxide tuned sol-gel at 1.4870 to comprise an efficient single-mode waveguide system.

Proceedings Article | 26 October 2004 Paper

Near-infrared photorefractive polymer composites with high diffraction efficiency and fast response time

Jayan Thomas, Muhsin Eralp, Savas Tay, Guogiang Li, Seth Marder, Gerald Meredith, Axel Schulzgen, Robert Norwood, Nasser Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 5521, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.563829

KEYWORDS: Composites, Diffraction, Chromophores, Modulation, Absorption, Polymers, Birefringence, Photorefractive polymers, Telescopic pixel displays, Refractive index

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 15 October 2004 Paper

Optical polymers: critical requirements for optical access applications

Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 5517, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.563667

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Waveguides, Integrated optics, Optics manufacturing, Fiber to the x, Analog electronics, Optical networks, Video, WDM-PON, Optical filters

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 6 November 2001 Paper

Sources of loss in single-mode polymer optical waveguides

Robert Norwood, Renyuan Gao, Jaya Sharma, C. Teng

Proceedings Volume 4439, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.447629

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Absorption, Polymer multimode waveguides, Scattering, Prisms, Thermal optics, Liquids, Single mode fibers, Silica

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 20 April 2001 Paper

Hybrid polymer devices for improved thermal control and performance

Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 4289, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.424830

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Waveguides, Silica, Polymer multimode waveguides, Refractive index, Thermal optics, Cladding, Photorefractive polymers, Glasses, Silicon

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 19 May 2000 Paper

Rare-earth-doped polymer optical waveguide amplifiers

Renyuan Gao, Robert Norwood, C. Teng, Anthony Garito

Proceedings Volume 3939, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.386365

KEYWORDS: Ions, Polymers, Chromophores, Optical amplifiers, Absorption, Waveguides, Energy transfer, Polymer multimode waveguides, Fiber amplifiers, Optical properties

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 5 October 1999 Paper

Fluorinated acrylates in making low-loss, low-birefringence, and single-mode optical waveguides with exceptional thermo-optic properties

Robert Blomquist, Louay Eldada, Michael McFarland, Robert Norwood, Constantina Poga, Lawrence Shacklette

Proceedings Volume 3799, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.363907

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Waveguides, Ultraviolet radiation, Liquids, Coating, Solids, Photoresist materials, Thermal optics, Epoxies, Hydrogen

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 5 October 1999 Paper

Polymer-based waveguide devices for WDM applications

Jean-Francois Viens, Claire Callender, Julian Noad, Louay Eldada, Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 3799, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.363901

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Wavelength division multiplexing, Lithography, Demultiplexers, Semiconducting wafers, Refractive index, Absorption, Wave propagation

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 1 June 1999 Paper

Polymer Bragg gratings for wavelength division multiplexers

Constantina Poga, Robert Blomquist, Louay Eldada, Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 3633, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.349313

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Polymerization, Humidity, Diffraction, Fiber Bragg gratings, Modulation, Ultraviolet radiation, Diffusion, Polymer multimode waveguides

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 17 April 1998 Paper

Polymer integrated optical devices for telecommunications applications

Robert Norwood, Robert Blomquist, Louay Eldada, Cathy Glass, Constantina Poga, Lawrence Shacklette, Baopei Xu, Shing Yin, James Yardley

Proceedings Volume 3281, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.305408

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Waveguides, Dense wavelength division multiplexing, Humidity, Refractive index, Polymer multimode waveguides, Telecommunications, Optical fibers, Optical components, Absorption

Read Abstract +

The success of optical fiber technology continues to enable great advances in telecommunications. Among the more recent commercial developments have included the erbium doped fiber amplifier, 10 GB/sec time division multiplexing, and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM). In the near future two trends will dominate the continued growth of this technology (1) increased optical device functionality and (2) migration of increased bandwidth down to local loop and access levels of the network. Examples of increased functionality will include splitters and DWDMs with increased port counts, wavelength conversion, and matrix optical switching. Migration of bandwidth will require greater volumes of fundamental optical components such as power splitters and WDMs. We will discuss our polymeric optical device technology in light of both current and future telecom needs. We have developed a series of cross-linked polymers with intrinsic losses in the 1.55 micrometer window as low as 0.1 - 0.2 dB/cm. Singlemode waveguides can be made from these materials by photolithography or by molding. Our baseline materials, C20 and C21, are nonhalogenated polymers and exhibit waveguide losses at 1.55 micrometer of 1 to 1.5 dB/cm; by increasing the level of halogenation we can achieve waveguide losses as low as 0.3 dB/cm. These polymers exhibit excellent resistance to adverse environmental conditions, typified by the well-known Bellcore 85 degrees Celsius/85%RH soak test. One X sixteen and 1 X 8 power splitting devices made from C20/C21 have exhibited insertion losses of 11 dB and uniformities of plus or minus 0.3 dB at 1.3 micrometer. We have also invented a passive alignment technology that allows optical fibers to be 'snap-fit' aligned with the optical waveguide, which reduces the difficulty and cost of pigtailing. Finally, we discuss our approach to DWDM which takes advantage of our ability to precisely control the refractive index of our polymers by proper selection of the comonomers.

Proceedings Article | 1 February 1998 Paper

Affordable WDM components: the polymer solution

Louay Eldada, Shing Yin, Robert Norwood, James Yardley

Proceedings Volume 3234, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.300925

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Wavelength division multiplexing, Waveguides, Polymer multimode waveguides, Data communications, Computer aided design, Single mode fibers, Refractive index, Humidity, Resistance

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 13 October 1997 Paper

Polymer optical interconnects: meeting the requirements for datacom and telecom applications

Lawrence Shacklette, Robert Norwood, Louay Eldada, Cathy Glass, Duc Nguyen, Constantina Poga, Baopei Xu, Shing Yin, James Yardley

Proceedings Volume 3147, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.279315

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Absorption, Waveguides, Polymer multimode waveguides, Optical interconnects, Polymethylmethacrylate, Humidity, Glasses, Refraction, Photorefractive polymers

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 29 July 1997 Paper

Next-generation polymeric photonic devices

Louay Eldada, Lawrence Shacklette, Robert Norwood, James Yardley

Proceedings Volume 10290, 102900L (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.279829

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Photonic devices, Polymer multimode waveguides, Waveguides, Polymer thick film flex circuits, Data communications, Single mode fibers, Humidity, Refractive index, Liquids

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 4 April 1997 Paper

Ultra-low-loss polymeric waveguides for optical interconnection

James Yardley, Louay Eldada, Kelly Stengel, Lawrence Shacklette, Robert Norwood, Chengzeng Xu, Chengjiu Wu

Proceedings Volume 3005, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.271083

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Absorption, Waveguides, Polymer multimode waveguides, Optical interconnects, Spectroscopy, Refractive index, Polymethylmethacrylate, Scattering, Solids

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 22 January 1997 Paper

Advanced polymer systems for optoelectronic integrated circuit applications

Louay Eldada, Kelly Stengel, Lawrence Shacklette, Robert Norwood, Chengzeng Xu, Chengjiu Wu, James Yardley

Proceedings Volume 3006, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.264235

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Absorption, Refractive index, Polymer multimode waveguides, Humidity, Receivers, Optical fibers, Photomasks, Glasses

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 14 June 1996 Paper

Modeling of bottom antireflection layers: sensitivity to optical constants

Ralph Dammel, Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 2724, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.241874

KEYWORDS: Refractive index, Antireflective coatings, Reflectivity, Thin film coatings, Absorption, Coating, Silicon, Photoresist materials, Thin films, Interfaces

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 21 May 1996 Paper

Rapid and accurate measurements of photoresist refractive index dispersion using the prism coupling method

Robert Norwood, Lisa Whitney

Proceedings Volume 2725, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.240103

KEYWORDS: Photoresist materials, Refractive index, Prisms, Antireflective coatings, Thin films, Absorption, Silicon, Waveguide modes, Time metrology, Interfaces

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 1 May 1996 Paper

Polymer optical interconnection technology: toward WDM applications

Robert Norwood, Louay Eldada, Stephen Emo, Jeff Gustus, R. Rapoport, Kelly Stengel, Lawrence Shacklette, Chengjiu Wu, Chengzeng Xu, James Yardley

Proceedings Volume 2690, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.238910

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Waveguides, Wavelength division multiplexing, Polymer multimode waveguides, Absorption, Optical fibers, Sensors, Lithography, Aerospace engineering, Refractive index

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 16 May 1994 Paper

Photoresist thermal stability measurements using laser scatterometry

Robert Norwood, Douglas Holcomb, Chet Sobodacha, Thomas Lynch

Proceedings Volume 2195, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.175389

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Photoresist materials, Diffraction gratings, Scatterometry, Scanning electron microscopy, Laser scattering, Temperature metrology, Silicon, Scatter measurement, Laser stabilization

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 1 December 1991 Paper

Third-order nonlinear optical characterization of side-chain copolymers

Robert Norwood, James Sounik, J. Popolo, Douglas Holcomb

Proceedings Volume 1560, (1991) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.50705

KEYWORDS: Chromophores, Polymers, Organic materials, Polymethylmethacrylate, Silicon, Picosecond phenomena, Absorption, Four wave mixing, Complex systems, Thin films

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 1 September 1991 Paper

Synthesis and incorporation of ladder polymer subunits in copolyamides, pendant polymers, and composites for enhanced nonlinear optical response

Charles Spangler, Michelle Saindon, Eric Nickel, Linda Sapochak, David Polis, Larry Dalton, Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 1497, (1991) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.46799

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 1 December 1990 Paper

Electro-optic and nonlinear optical polymers and devices

Harris Goldberg, Anthony East, Robert Johnson, Garo Khanarian, Robert Norwood, Michael Sansone, I. Kalnin, David Haas, R. Keosian

Proceedings Volume 1337, (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.22960

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Electro optics, Liquid crystals, Organic materials, Waveguides, Composites, Chromophores, Nonlinear optics, Crystals, Electro optic polymers

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 1 December 1990 Paper

Efficient quasi-phase-matched second harmonic generation in a polymer waveguide

Garo Khanarian, Robert Norwood

Proceedings Volume 1337, (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.22928

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Second-harmonic generation, Harmonic generation, Polymer multimode waveguides, Organic materials, Waveguide modes, Signal detection, Signal processing, Phase matching

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Showing 5 of 83 publications

Proceedings Volume Editor (9)

SPIE Conference Volume | 20 September 2006

Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials VI

SPIE Conference Volume | 18 August 2005

Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials V

SPIE Conference Volume | 15 October 2004

Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials IV

SPIE Conference Volume | 10 November 2003

Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials III

SPIE Conference Volume | 25 November 2002

Design and Fabrication of Planar Optical Waveguide Devices and Materials

Showing 5 of 9 publications

Conference Committee Involvement (46)

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XXVII

29 January 2025 | San Francisco, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XXVI

31 January 2024 | San Francisco, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XXV

1 February 2023 | San Francisco, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XXIV

26 January 2022 | San Francisco, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XXIII

6 March 2021 | Online Only, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XXII

5 February 2020 | San Francisco, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XXI

5 February 2019 | San Francisco, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XX

31 January 2018 | San Francisco, California, United States

Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies XXII

29 January 2018 | San Francisco, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XIX

30 January 2017 | San Francisco, California, United States

Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies XXI

30 January 2017 | San Francisco, California, United States

Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies XX

15 February 2016 | San Francisco, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XVIII

15 February 2016 | San Francisco, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XVII

9 February 2015 | San Francisco, California, United States

Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies XIX

9 February 2015 | San Francisco, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XVI

3 February 2014 | San Francisco, California, United States

Optical Processes in Organic Materials and Nanostructures II

25 August 2013 | San Diego, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XV

4 February 2013 | San Francisco, California, United States

Optical Processes in Organic Materials and Nanostructures

12 August 2012 | San Diego, California, United States

Silicon Photonics and Photonic Integrated Circuits

16 April 2012 | Brussels, Belgium

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XIV

23 January 2012 | San Francisco, California, United States

RF and Millimeter-Wave Photonics II

22 January 2012 | San Francisco, California, United States

Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials XI

21 August 2011 | San Diego, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XIII

24 January 2011 | San Francisco, California, United States

RF and Millimeter-Wave Photonics

23 January 2011 | San Francisco, California, United States

Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials X

1 August 2010 | San Diego, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XII

26 January 2010 | San Francisco, California, United States

Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials IX

2 August 2009 | San Diego, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XI

27 January 2009 | San Jose, California, United States

Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials VIII

12 August 2008 | San Diego, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices X

22 January 2008 | San Jose, California, United States

Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials VII

28 August 2007 | San Diego, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices IX

21 January 2007 | San Jose, California, United States

Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials VI

15 August 2006 | San Diego, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices VIII

23 January 2006 | San Jose, California, United States

Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials V

2 August 2005 | San Diego, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices VII

24 January 2005 | San Jose, California, United States

Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials IV

2 August 2004 | Denver, Colorado, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices VI

27 January 2004 | San Jose, CA, United States

Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials III

4 August 2003 | San Diego, California, United States

Organic Photonic Materials and Devices V

27 January 2003 | San Jose, CA, United States

Design and Fabrication of Planar Optical Waveguide Devices and Materials

8 July 2002 | Seattle, WA, United States

Design, Manufacturing, and Testing of Planar Optical Waveguide Devices

1 August 2001 | San Diego, CA, United States

Linear, Nonlinear, and Power-Limiting Organics

1 August 2000 | San Diego, CA, United States

Linear Optical Properties of Waveguides and Fibers

23 July 1999 | Denver, CO, United States

Organic Photorefractives, Photoreceptors, Waveguides, and Fibers

21 July 1999 | Denver, CO, United States

Showing 5 of 46 Conference Committees

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