Dr. Robin M. Schoemaker Profile

Dr. Robin M. Schoemaker

Project Scientist/Project Manager at TNO Defence Security and Safety

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Publications (8)

Proceedings Article | 15 October 2013 Paper

Segmentation and wake removal of seafaring vessels in optical satellite images

Henri Bouma, Rob Dekker, Robin Schoemaker, Ali Mohamoud

Proceedings Volume 8897, 88970B (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2029791

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Satellites, Satellite imaging, Earth observing sensors, Error analysis, Digital filtering, Image resolution, Remote sensing, Artificial intelligence, Satellite communications

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Proceedings Article | 1 June 2011 Paper

Characterisation of small targets in a maritime environment by means of laser range profiling

Robin Schoemaker, Koen Benoist

Proceedings Volume 8037, 803705 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.884575

KEYWORDS: Profiling, 3D modeling, Databases, Sensors, Pulsed laser operation, Radar, 3D metrology, 3D acquisition, Target detection, Target recognition

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Potential asymmetric threats at short range in complex environments need to be identified quickly during coastal operations. Laser range profiling is a technology that has the potential to shorten the OODA loop (Orient, Observe, Detect, Act) by performing automatic characterisation of targets at large distance. The advantages of non-cooperative target recognition with range profiles are: (a) a relatively short time on target is required, (b) the detection range is longer than in the case of passive observation technologies such as IRST, and (c) characterisation of range profiles is possible at any aspect angle. However, the shape of a range profile depends strongly on aspect angle. This means that a large data set is necessary of all expected targets with reference profiles on a very dense aspect angle grid. Analysis of laser range profiles can be done by comparing the measured profile with a database of laser range profiles obtained from 3D models of possible targets. An alternative is the use of a profile database from one or several measurement campaigns. A prerequisite for this is the availability of enough measured profiles of the appropriate targets, for many aspect angles. Comparison of measured laser range profiles with a reference database can be performed using, e.g., formal statistical correlation techniques or histogram dissimilarity techniques. In this work, a field trial has been conducted to validate the concept of identification by using a laser range profiling system with a high bandwidth receiver and short laser pulses. The field trial aimed at characterization of sea-surface targets in a coastal/harbour environment. The targets ranged from pleasure boats like sailing boats, jet skis, and speed boats to professional vessels like barges, cabin boats, and military vessels, all ranging from 3 to 30 meters in length. We focus on (a) the use of a reference database generated via 3D target models, and (b) the use of a reference database of measured laser range profiles. A variety of histogram dissimilarity measures was examined in order to enable fast and reliable classification algorithms.

Proceedings Article | 8 May 2010 Paper

Unattended monitoring of suspicious behavior for route surveillance

Robin Schoemaker, Rody Sandbrink, Graeme van Voorthuijsen

Proceedings Volume 7693, 76930S (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.850134

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Roads, Sensor networks, Surveillance, Unattended ground sensors, Improvised explosive devices, Magnetic sensors, Infrared sensors, Commercial off the shelf technology, Target detection

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A priori information on suspicious behaviour is extremely valuable for countering threats involving improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Suspicious activities along routes during expeditionary operations can be monitored by unattended networks using simple sensing nodes that can gather data for continuous monitoring of daily vehicle activity. Dedicated software yields the necessary intelligence on these activities by filtering suspicious behaviour from anomalous behaviour (including false alarms). Research has started to equip a commercially available sensor network with data analysis software. It aims at demonstrating the detection of suspicious behaviour along roads, within a required time span. Three phases are distinguished. First phase is the analysis of traffic flux in a simple scenario with three networks lying at three junctions. The second phase investigates the ability to track and classify one object in this scenario, while the third phase aims to track and classify two or more objects. Findings are presented for phase one, flux measurements.A priori information on suspicious behaviour is extremely valuable for countering threats involving improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Suspicious activities along routes during expeditionary operations can be monitored by unattended networks using simple sensing nodes that can gather data for continuous monitoring of daily vehicle activity. Dedicated software yields the necessary intelligence on these activities by filtering suspicious behaviour from anomalous behaviour (including false alarms). Research has started to equip a commercially available sensor network with data analysis software. It aims at demonstrating the detection of suspicious behaviour along roads, within a required time span. Three phases are distinguished. First phase is the analysis of traffic flux in a simple scenario with three networks lying at three junctions. The second phase investigates the ability to track and classify one object in this scenario, while the third phase aims to track and classify two or more objects. Findings are presented for phase one, flux measurements.

Proceedings Article | 22 April 2010 Paper

Evaluation tools for the effectiveness of infrared countermeasures and signature reduction for ships

Robin Schoemaker, Ric Schleijpen

Proceedings Volume 7662, 76620Q (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.848695

KEYWORDS: Missiles, Infrared signatures, Infrared imaging, Electro optical modeling, Infrared radiation, Thermal modeling, Imaging infrared seeker, Infrared countermeasures, Bridges, Long wavelength infrared

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Proceedings Article | 5 May 2009 Paper

Intelligent route surveillance

Robin Schoemaker, Rody Sandbrink, Graeme van Voorthuijsen

Proceedings Volume 7333, 73330H (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.818447

KEYWORDS: Roads, Sensors, Sensor networks, Surveillance, Improvised explosive devices, Unattended ground sensors, Magnetic sensors, Acoustics, Magnetism, Intelligent sensors

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Proceedings Article | 2 May 2009 Paper

Identification of air and sea-surface targets with a laser range profiler

Johan van den Heuvel, Robin Schoemaker, Ric H. M. Schleijpen

Proceedings Volume 7323, 73230Y (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.818426

KEYWORDS: 3D modeling, Databases, Signal to noise ratio, Optical simulations, Lawrencium, Electro optical modeling, Receivers, Sensors, Systems modeling, 3D acquisition

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Proceedings Article | 25 September 2007 Paper

Satellite retrieved aerosol properties for battlespace characterization and sensor performance

Robin Schoemaker

Proceedings Volume 6708, 67080Q (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.732322

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Satellites, Atmospheric modeling, Atmospheric particles, Electro optical modeling, Oceanography, Coastal modeling, Data modeling, Sun, Refractive index

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Sea basing operations in coastal environments require a rapid and accurate description of the physical conditions in the region. Battlespace characterization and sensor performance assist in optimizing the efficiency and safety of operations, of which the detection of targets at low level above the sea surface is all-important. The environmental conditions of the marine boundary layer (MBL) - due to weather and atmospheric effects - change continuously in space and time, which certainly holds for the aerosol make-up. Models have been developed to describe the electro-optical propagation in the boundary layer as a function of meteorological parameters. EOSTAR is such an end-to-end model suite for EO sensor performance in which the Advanced Navy Aerosol Model (ANAM) is embedded for computing the aerosol extinction. While ANAM provides favourable results in open ocean conditions, in coastal zones the model lacks accuracy due to the presence of aerosols from a variety of sources that need to be assessed. In offshore wind conditions continental aerosols of anthropogenic and natural origin mix with marine aerosols produced in the surf zone and by wave breaking further offshore. Radiometers on satellites can be used to retrieve the spatial variation over an extended area determined by the swath width, with a resolution determined by the radiometer pixel size. In this contribution we explore the potential of satellite measurements to provide information on the aerosol properties over the range of interest in order to correctly handle their influence on transmission characteristics in the coastal zone. Results from measurements of the multidisciplinary Maritime REA/Battlespace Preparation 2007 trial, held during 20 April and 5 May 2007 near the vicinity of the island Elba along the west coast of Italy, are presented in this analysis. For one particular day, the satellite retrieved aerosol optical thickness (AOT) is to be compared with hand-held sun photometer measurements for quality assessment. The AOT values are converted into aerosol extinction coefficients for a pre-defined path. For one visible wavelength channel the transmission loss is computed with these coefficients and is compared with the computed transmission loss for the path in case of a) a single extinction coefficient obtained from measurements and b) a modeled extinction coefficient obtained from ANAM.

Proceedings Article | 13 September 2005 Paper

Combining ANAM and satellite data to determine the EOSTAR aerosol component

R. Schoemaker, G. de Leeuw, A. van Eijk

Proceedings Volume 5891, 58910F (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.617666

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Atmospheric modeling, Satellites, Atmospheric particles, Electro optical modeling, Coastal modeling, Oceanography, Data modeling, Meteorology, Atmospheric propagation

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Showing 5 of 8 publications

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