Most optical systems are designed on the assumption that the optical component's performance is set soley by the functional specification i.e. that the shape, form, finish and refractive index of the component material. Lip service, at best, is paid to the fact that all materials have an absorption coefficient that dominates these parameters. Very little thought is given to the effect of the holder, that the absorption may not be spatially uniform or that the resulting temperature rise may be non-uniform, to birefringence, to changes in the refractive indices or to lowered damage thresholds, These effects in turn affect the beam propagation characteristics of the beam. All these effects have been observed in a variety of different laser systems. A series of examples are recorded to illustrate the theme and to illustrate the further contention that the performance of optical components needs to be tested in the systems in which they will be finally used. It will then follow that, in order to obtain agreement between optical component manufacturers and system manufacturers and users, standardised measurements have to be made.
There is a maximum power and energy that you can put into or transmit through your optical system; in many cases, this maximum is well below the laser-induced damage threshold. This tutorial explains the factors and constraints that limit the power- and energy-handling capability of optical materials, components, and/or systems. Because the lasers coming off the production lines are much more stable, efficient, and controlled than in the past, today's engineers often do not have the insight into the technology as was required of first-generation laser engineers. However, important insights into the use and performance of the laser and optical systems can be lost unless we remind ourselves at periodic intervals of the problems our predecessors had to face.
Attempts have been made over a number of years to scale laser induced damage threshold measurements across the boundaries of pulse length, spot size, wavelength and material differences. These efforts have been hampered by the absence of pertinent data, made under identical conditions, on the threshold results that have been published. The new ISO 11254-1, -2, -3 Standards for the Measurement of Laser Induced Damage and ISO11551 for Absorption have now been finalised and if accepted by the scientific fraternity will enable meaningful comparative results to be published. This paper will discuss the similarities and differences between 1- on- 1, S- on- 1 and R- on- 1, laser induced damage threshold, LIDT, measurements and damage assurance methodology and will show how differences in absorption can effect both the damage values and the damage morphology.
Laser Induced damage threshold measurements have been made over the last 30 years. However it is still not easy to predict the LIDTs ofmaterials and components from measurements made at different wavelengths, spot sizes and pulse lengths. In practice this leads to unwanted damage, overspecified components and/or under utilised capacity. In certain circumstances this can also lead to safety hazards. This paper will summarise the understanding gained from the research done over the years. It will emphasise that it is necessary to ascertain the mechanisms leading to damage before scaling can be applied. Suggestions as to the direction of thture research will be made.
Optical and laser beams do not necessarily have smooth spatial and temporal distributions. These distributions may arise from the source itself -- e.g., multilongitudinal and/or transverse mode laser beams. They may be affected by the physical properties, distortions, refractive index variations and surface finish of the optical components and the optical coatings in the beam path. This paper discusses and shows examples of the influence of the various parameters on the transmitted beam quality and ultimately on the laser induced damage threshold and usefulness of the optical components themselves.
There is a growing requirement for high power laser pulses to be delivered from the laser to the workpiece via a fiber optical cable. The power and energy handling capability of these fibers are affected by both linear and nonlinear effects including Raman and Brillouin scattering and are ultimately limited by the laser induced damage threshold of the fiber itself. This paper summarizes the power handling capability limits of such fibers and includes comments on recommended launching and delivery procedures.
The growth of large area artificial diamond by the chemical vapor deposition technique has led to the possibility of the deployment of diamond components, especially as the output windows of dual-band laser radar and viewing systems used in adverse atmospheric conditions. The characterization of this material, and in particular the measurement of its power and energy handling capability, is therefore of interest to a wide spectrum of workers in the high power laser field. This paper summarizes the published laser threshold data and attempts to correlate these with the laser wavelength and pulse length and material absorption in order to gain a consistent picture. This analysis shows that although much of the early material was limited by both particulate and lattice absorption there is now material available that approximates to Type IIa natural diamond and reaches the theoretical power handling capability.
There were several references at the 1993 damage conference back to the early days of laser damage studies and in particular to the theoretical paper by E. X. Bliss at the first damage symposium in 1969 on the pulse duration dependence of laser damage mechanisms. However, because of the variations, variability and differences inherent in the measurement of laser- induced damage thresholds this theory has not been used to its full potential. Although the measurement techniques have now been standardized and there is a wider understanding of the mechanisms of LID, the data banks exist mainly in narrow pulse width and wavelength domains. This paper has been written in order to show how the laser test pulse duration affects the measured laser damage threshold and to give, at least, reasonable guidelines for the LIDT's which may be expected for typical materials over a range of pulse lengths.
The current interest in ever larger solid metal mirrors has highlighted several fabrication problems, amongst them the method of joining the largest available forgings. Thick section fusion welding is still predominantly carried out by multi-pass arc welding processes, but substantial development of electron beam welding (EBW) technology, particularly over the last decade, now warrants re-appraisal of this situation. The electron beam welding process offers not only a single pass welding capability for practically any thickness, but also increased joining rates, reduced distortion and in most cases elimination of consumables. Increases in beam power level have necessitated careful design of both the electron source and electron optics; in addition, to avoid problems of weld defects, special power supply developments have been required. Metal vapor and weld spatter are prevented from entering the electron gun by the introduction of a magnetic trap device and a low stored energy switch mode power source is employed to provide continuous operation, even for the most volatile workpiece materials. Reference is made to the latest in- vacuum external and in-chamber 100 kW gun column developments and, amongst the range of industrial applications, to the particular problems associated with welding large aluminum alloy components.
Optical interference filters that have continuously modulated refractive indices throughout their thicknesses (rugates) are designed and fabricated using a microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition technique. Examples are shown of single- and double-response narrowband reflection filters made from variable composition silicon oxynitride deposited on silica. Reflectivities in excess of 99.9% have been realized with bandwidths in the 2 to 10% range.
A microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (MPACVD) process has been used to deposit modulated refractive index profile dielectric films to meet specific reflectance/transmittance coating characteristics. The MPACVD process has been proven to allow the deposition of dielectric thin films of excellent optical quality which have lower scatter and less strain than most conventional coatings. An important feature of the process is that both the deposition rate and the composition of the film can be adjusted under computer control during the deposition process. This degree of control allows the deposition of both graded and event more complicated refractive index profiles. The technique therefore allows the successful realization of highly sophisticated coating designs (e.g., Fourier). The process has been used to fabricate a range of dielectric designs, including narrow band high reflectivity coatings with minimal sidebands, using silicon oxynitride on fused silica substrates. This paper discusses aspects of the MPACVD process, including deposition rate, control, uniformity and deposition quality, the Fourier design program and the characteristics of a range of coating trials. The measurements made have included optical, laser and limited environmental testing.
SC051: The Power and Energy Handling Capability of Optical Materials, Components, and Systems
When high-energy beams impinge upon surfaces or pass through optical components, a range of effects occur. These range from absorption to dielectric breakdown that can result in distortion, non-linear absorption, transmission and electro-optic effects. These events result in catastrophic laser-induced damage to both components and systems. The aim of this course is to help system designers and engineers to understand the underlying reasons for these phenomena and to enable them to design systems and specify components to ensure that optimum performance can be gained.
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