Peak detection is an important step in the chemical identification by Raman spectroscopy. At present, most peak detection methods have finite identification ability on overlapping peaks, especially for the spectrum measured by the portable spectrometer with low resolution. In this paper, an improved method is proposed that using continuous wavelet transform(CWT) peak detection method based on a new wavelet on the deconvolved Raman spectrum. The new wavelet has smaller linewidth and is more similar with the intrinsic line profile of Raman spectroscopy, Lorentz line profile. So it has advantages on overlapping peaks detection. The proposed method was evaluated by Raman spectrum of solid amino acid mixtures. The results show that it is better at detecting overlapping peaks than the other two wavelets.
Low noise laser sources with narrow linewidth and low intensity noise are key tools in a broad range of applications such as optical sense, microwave photonics, coherent optical communications and so on. The report gives an introduction about our research progress of the narrow-linewidth single frequency DFB fiber lasers. An internally developed DFB fiber laser is developed. The noise characteristic of laser output is studied in detail. The frequency noise in low Fourier frequency is reduced via using the low noise pump and intracavity optical negative feedback. Furthermore, an injecting lock scheme is used to reduce the intensity noise. A fiber laser output with low frequency noise and low intensity noise has been demonstrated.
KEYWORDS: Safety, Fiber optics sensors, Reflectometry, Signal processing, Signal detection, Interference (communication), Optical amplifiers, Bragg cells, Knowledge management, Signal to noise ratio
High-speed railway is being developed rapidly; its safety, including infrastructure and train operation, is vital. This paper presents a railway-subgrade vibration monitoring scheme based on phase-sensitive OTDR for railway safety. The subgrade vibration is detected and rebuilt. Multi-dimension comprehensive analysis (MDCA) is proposed to identify the running train signals and illegal constructions along railway. To our best knowledge, it is the first time that a railway-subgrade vibration monitoring scheme is proposed. This scheme is proved effective by field tests for real-time train tracking and activities monitoring along railway. It provides a new passive distributed way for all-weather railway-subgrade vibration monitoring.
KEYWORDS: Spatial resolution, Reflectometry, Signal to noise ratio, Frequency modulation, Signal detection, Ferroelectric materials, Data acquisition, Modulation, Bragg cells, Digital signal processing
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a pulse compression phase sensitive optical time domain reflectometer (φ- OTDR) with sub-meter resolution. Principle and theoretical analysis on the spatial resolution, the feasibility to obtain the phase information are provided. This technique can break the tradeoff between spatial resolution and measurement range in the traditional φ-OTDR. As example, our verifying experiment achieves 30cm spatial resolution and 20km measurement range, and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) reaches 10dB. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such a high spatial resolution over such a long sensing range is reported in φ-OTDR-based distributed vibration sensing.
We demonstrate a narrow-linewidth laser source for high spatial resolution distributed optical sensing by utilizing the high-order modulation sidebands injection locking. A pair of phase-locked lasers with arbitrary frequency offset from 5 GHz to 50 GHz is generated. Meanwhile, a linearized frequency sweep covering range of 15 GHz in 6 ms with frequency errors of 240 kHz from linearity is also achieved using the same scheme, the instantaneous linewidth of the frequency-swept laser is measured to be ~2.5 kHz.
High side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) and higher optical power output of frequency
converted lightwave is successfully realized by single side band injection locking of distributed feedback laser (DFB). This method is of great potential in the application of fast optical frequency sweep signal generation. Compared to that acquired from direct carrier suppressed single sideband (CS-SSB), the
SMSR of the injection locked slave laser by single sideband injection locking is much higher (32.5dB to 12dB at best), and the power of the injection locked slave laser output is 11dB higher (-22dBm to -33.5dBm) than converting directly from CS-SSB. The variation of SMSR and locking bandwidth of the
slave laser as optical injection ratio changes is also researched.
Polarization fading is a phenomenon observed often in BOTDR distributed sensors, which greatly reduces signal-to-noise ratio of the detected signal. We proposed a scheme based on injecting optical pulse probes with orthogonal polarization states, which is generated by a delay Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) composed of two polarization beam splitters (PBS). The principle is analyzed and the effect of reducing polarization fading is demonstrated experimentally. The method uses simple and passive components and is suitable for practical applications.
A novel high sampling rate multi-pulse phase-sensitive OTDR (Φ-OTDR) employing frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is proposed to increase the sampling rate of the long distance sensor system. Compared with the conventional Φ- OTDR, the new system owns much higher detection bandwidth as more probe pulses are allowed simultaneously traveling in the sensing fiber. The feasibility of the technique is experimentally verified. By multiplexing four different frequencies, we realize a experimental system with 20kHz vibration detection bandwidth over 10km sensing range.
The signal noise ratio (SNR) enhancement of spontaneous Brillouin scattering spectrum on Brilloluin optical time
domain reflectometry (BOTDR) sensing system have been demonstrated experimentally through changing the pulse
shape. With the same pulse width, the SNRs of the coherent detection power spectrum for trapezoidal pulse and
triangular pulse increase relative to that of rectangular pulse. The sensing distances are also increased. This will be
helpful to improve the spatial resolution or achieve longer sensing distance in the BOTDR sensing system.
A phase-shifted double pulse method is proposed to reduce the influence of inner-pulse interference induced fading on
phase demodulation of the Φ-OTDR. The feasibility of the technique is experimentally verified and the measurement
resolution of the Φ-OTDR is minimized to as low as 0.1rad by using this technique. The experimental system
demonstrates a distributed phase monitoring capability over 4km range with SNR of >20 and detection bandwidth
of >360Hz.
A compact short-cavity fiber laser configured with
Er3+/Yb3+ highly co-doped phosphate glass fiber which has linear
polarization and single frequency output is fabricated experimentally. The threshold power of the laser is about 30mW,
and larger than 100mW output power is achieved with slope efficiency of 20% at 1549nm. At the meantime, sine
modulation, positive pulse and chaos state in the output power at different experimental condition are observed. And a
new theoretical model is proposed to describe the mechanism of the observed intensity instability behavior in the fiber
laser and the numerical results proved its feasibility. It is confirmed that the self-pulsing behavior is mainly caused by
different small external feedback. So there is an efficient way to overcome self-pulsing behavior in the compact single
polarized fiber laser by minimizing the external feedback.
KEYWORDS: Signal detection, Signal to noise ratio, Light scattering, Fiber lasers, Digital signal processing, Rayleigh scattering, Ferroelectric materials, Modulation, Laser scattering, Oscillators
The digital coherent detection method is employed into the φ-OTDR. The heterodyne detection offers very high optical
gain while the digital signal processing serves as an effective tool to rebuild the instantaneous electric field of Rayleigh
scattering light by analyzing the beating signal. Both amplitude and phase signal are obtained in our experiment. PZT
vibration measurement verifies that the phase difference signal well represents the external perturbation signal and also
with higher SNR. The proposed newφ-OTDR system shows a good application foreground in the area of distributed
vibration measurement.
A local oscillator for coherent detection of backward Brillouin scattering in Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry
(BOTDR) has been analyzed. A ring Brillouin fiber laser, whose Brillouin gain media is 70m high-nonlinear-fiber
(HNLF), is used as local oscillator of coherent detection. The BFL operates at 1549.06nm red-shifted 0.084nm from the
pump laser. As to Brillouin light, The detection frequency is reduced from ~11GHz of direct detection to ~420MHz of
heterodyne detection in this paper. Self-lasing cavity-modes of BFL impose the "burr" intervalled at 2.5MHz on the
frequency domain analysis of the beat-frequency siganl. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of beat-frequency signal decreases
greatly, resulting to Lorentzian fitting with error. By adjusting variable optical attenuator (VOA) to increase the cavity
loss in the fiber ring cavity, the self-lasing cavity-modes will be eliminated and a stable Brillouin laser will be obtained.
The frequency estimation accuracy is improved greatly.
Because of its own structure's limitation, the beam divergence angle of the semiconductor laser is very large. In the fastaxis
direction, the beam plays good quality and can be collimated less than 1° by using cylindrical micro-lens. However,
in the slow-axis direction, the beam quality is too poor to be collimated to a small pattern. This could limit its application
in the fields which need high beam quality. For high-power laser diode array (LDA), external-cavity technique can make
all the emitters working in the same wavelength, and can improve their beam quality. In this paper, direct feedback
method was employed to achieve cross-injection between 25 emitters of a LD bar by using a stripe mirror. At a certain
cavity length, after the reflection of the external-cavity mirror's reflective stripe, the beam with large slow-axis
divergence angle will feedback to the spacer region between the emitters and lose its energy, or would exactly feedback
to the neighbor emitter. Simultaneously, the beam with small divergence angle would output from the transparent stripe
of the external-cavity mirror. The slow-axis divergence of the stacks with two bars was suppressed from 6°to 2°by using
this technique.
A competitive homemade two-coordinate autocollimator is presented, which is able to measure the angle along the
horizontal and vertical axis by using a single linear CCD to detect the three image point positions of the N shape
reticle on the CCD, with total measurement error no greater than 5urad in the measurement range of ±2100urad
and the dynamic response frequency 2KHz.
An anti-noise subpixel algorithm of phase-shifting of fundamental frequency was presented based on the phase-shifting
of Fourier transform and the anti-noise characteristics of low-frequency part of the phase spectrum of the image. The
essence of the algorithm is that the displacement caculation of the image is replaced by the movement caculation of the
coordinate, which makes the phase of the fundamental frequency zero under different coordninates when image position
changes. Under the circumstances that the image of the CCD autocollimator is polluted by the noises caused by
tempreture, the measuring accuracies of the normally-used barycenter, edge detection, Gaussian fitting algorithm and the
algorithm presented in this paper were compared. Experiment results show, the subpixel algorithm demonstrated here has
the advantages of strong anti-noise ability and high precision. The reliability of the algorithm is also disproved by the
peak location of the reconstructed image after the removal of higher harmonics. When applied to the one-dimensional
CCD photoelectric autocaollimator used in field conditions, fine linearity and ±3// measurement accuracy were
simutaneously obtained in the whole ±3600// measurement range when the temperature varies between -400C-600C.
A dissolved oxygen sensor based on U-shape plastic optical fiber (POF) was described. Analyte-sensitive fluorophore
are entrapped into ormosil film by using Sol-gel method. Phase modulation technique is used to measure fluorescence
lifetime. The influence of oxygen indictor concentration, annealing time and U-shaped POF curve radius on the systems
sensitivity is studied.
A dissolved oxygen sensor based on ruthenium(Ru) fluorescence and U-shape plastic optical fiber (POF) was described.
Dichlorotris (1, 10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) was used as an oxygen indicator, which was coated on to the surface
of a 1mm diameter U-shaped POF. Phase modulation technique is used to measure fluorescence lifetime. The phase
difference between 100% and 0% dissolved oxygen is 1.78 degree. By using the nonlinear assumption, we also calculate
that the there are only 20% thickness of the sensor material is affected by DO.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Multiplexers, Extremely high frequency, Picosecond phenomena, Microwave radiation, Radio over Fiber, Signal generators, Dispersion, Numerical simulations, Radio optics
A novel scheme is proposed to generate a millimeter-wave (MMW) optical pulse by combining optical time division
multiplexing (OTDM) technology and temporal Talbot effect (TTE). A n:1 time multiplexer is used for OTDM, and an
LCFG plays a role of TTE. The basic principle is analyzed by using a Gaussian input short pulse, and its characteristics
are discussed by numerical simulation. It is shown that the proposed scheme is feasible for MMW signal generation and
has potential merits for practical application of Radio over Fiber (ROF) technology.
A novel scheme is proposed to transform an optical pulse to a millimeter-wave frequency modulation pulse by using a
fiber Bragg grating in radio-over-fiber system. The Fourier transformation method is used to obtain the required
spectrum response function of FBG. Based on this target spectrum response function, the cases for a weak fiber grating
and strong fiber grating are analyzed and the corresponding refractive index distributions are obtained. The performances
of the fiber gratings are also studied by a numerical simulation method for an ultra-short pulse transmission.
The dispersion compensation theory of the chirped fiber grating (CFG) in externally modulated CATV lightwave system is analyzed by using the time-domain form of the field envelope wave equation, and the analytic expression of the composite second order (CSO) distortion is obtained. The results show that the requirement of dispersion compensation in externally modulated CATV lightwave transmission system is different from that in common digital optical fiber communication system. Moreover, to a certain fiber transmission link, the dispersion compensation effect is not same for different dispersion compensation position of CFG and it exists an optimal position.
An organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel material by using Tetraethylorthosilicate(Teos) and phenyltriethoxysilane(Phtes) as precursors was synthesized, and a planar optical waveguide was fabricated by using spin-coating on silicon substrate. A rib waveguide was formed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). A relation between refractive index and composition of the precursors was obtained by M-line method; the optical loss of the planar waveguide was measured to be 0.23dB/cm at 632.8nm wavelength. A directional coupler was also realized.
An optical switch by Sagnac interferometers (FSI) structure is described in this paper. An analysis shows that the switching properties of the device are polarization-independent. An experimental setup was achieved by using a PLZT electro-optical (EO) ceramic as the control unit. By using this setup, the theoretical analysis model is proved by experiments with different input polarization states. At the same time, the typical performances of the switch realized less than -22dB cross talk and less than 1 switching time. In addition, the Kerr coefficient of the PLZT compound used in experiments was measured about , and the insertion loss of it was found increasing rapidly when external electric field is larger than 600KV/m.
The polarization characteristics of electro-optical (EO) switches using fiber Sagnac interferometers (FSI) structures are theoretically investigated. Analytical solutions of output fields are presented when the twists and birefringence in a Sagnac loop is considered. Numerical calculations show that the twists of fiber, the orientation of the inserted phase retarder and the splitting ratio of the coupler will influence both the output intensity and the output polarization properties of the proposed switch. A polarization independent EO switch based on hybrid integration of a Sagnac interferometer and a PLZT retarder was experimentally implemented, which showed good coincidence with the analytical results. The experiment showed a switch with -22dB crosstalk and less than 31 ns switching time.
The frequency selectivity of integrated optical ring resonators makes them key components for many devices, including filters, switches and sensors. The ion-exchange technique is an economical and simple method to fabricate good quality optical waveguides and useful devices. In this paper, with the mixed melt salt of AgNO3 and KNO3 used as the source of exchanging ions, a racetrack waveguide resonator was fabricated in K9 glass. The reflection and transmission spectra of the resonator were measured, and the coupling ratio and propagation loss were derived by an improved method. The phase shift of 2π was realized by using thermo-optical effect within 16 degree change of temperature. The resonator is a promising device for filtering, sensing and other applications.
A highly uniform multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber ring laser with an intracavity sine phase modulator is demonstrated. The flat output spectrum is achieved by optimizing the cavity structure, modulation amplitude, and frequency of the sine phase modulator. Fifteen lasing lines with wavelength spacing of 0.9 nm appear simultaneously and stably with power differences less than 2 dB and side-mode suppression ratio higher than 32 dB. In addition, the proposed cavity can support unidirectional operation without optical isolators. An output power difference of about 20 dB is realized between the counterclockwise and clockwise directions, which is almost independent of the pump power and lasing wavelengths.
Highly uniform multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber ring laser with a sinusoidal phase modulator and line intervals of 0.45 nm is demonstrated. The flat and stable output distribution is realized by optimizing modulation voltage and frequency for the sine phase modulator. Simultaneous 30 lasing lines are obtained in power difference less than 2 dB. In addition, the implemented cavity structure can support unidirectional operation even without optical isolators. The power difference between clockwise and counterclockwise direction is higher than 20 dB, almost independent of pumping powers and lasing wavelengths in lasing operation.
A novel fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor is proposed and experimentally demonstrated with a long-period grating as a linear response edge filter to convert wavelength into intensity-encoded information for interrogation. The sensor is embedded into an aluminum substrate with a larger coefficient of thermal expansion to enhance its temperature sensitivity. A large dynamic range of 110 °C and a high resolution of 0.02 °C are obtained in the experiments. The technique can be used for multiplexed measurements with one broadband source and one long-period grating, and therefore is low cost.
In this paper, a novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensor system with low cost demodulation mechanism was proposed. The broadband light source was demodulated by a long period fiber grating (LPG) with an appropriate attenuation band. The sensing FBG was encapsulated with aluminum groove to make the FBG have a higher thermal expansion coefficient. The sensor with enhanced sensitivity 0.02°C was realized.
Some research results on tunable fiber gratings and their applications are presented in this paper. Dynamic characteristics of thermal tuned FBG by surface coated heater are described. Tuning characteristics and effects of friction in compression tuning packaging are analyzed. Tuning behaviors of LPG in Panda fiber are described and discussed. A pressure sensor by LPG is presented. And demodulation for sensor systems by using tunable FBG is proposed.
We propose using a novel multifunction optical filter with cascaded sagnac circuits for future smart wavelength division multiplexed
network system applications. The coupling coefficients of the couplers in cascaded sagnac circuits are apodized according to the
Gaussian function. By properly adjusting only two parameters, the coupling coefficients are convex-apodized or concave-apodized.
For the former, we can obtain passband filter and improve response functions such as flatness and steepness; for the latter, it is
possible to gain comb-like transmitted responses.
Insertion loss characteristics of sampled fiber Bragg gratings were investigated theoretically and experimentally. The experiment results show that the LPG effect greatly influences the characteristics of insertion loss at the Bragg reflection wavelength when the LPG effect caused loss peak is coincide with the Bragg wavelength. This phenomenon will be obvious in the case of high duty-cycle of sampled fiber Bragg grating, for example, more than 1:9. Bending the SFBG will move the LPG-like loss peak and will then change the loss of SFBG reflection band. In experiment a reduction from 6.08dB to 2.56dB was obtained under a bend radius 17mm in a typical SFBG with duty-cycle 1:9.
In this paper, we report, for the first time to our knowledge, a new decreasing Q-switched pulse width method. We can reduce the pulse width of the MZI Q-switched by moving the pulse of ECL (whose pulse width is narrower than the MZI Q-switched pulse) into the MZI Q-switched pulse. And in our experiment, the pulse width of the MZI Q-switched is 4? s, the ultimate pulse width is O.8? s. So the ultimate pulse width is one fifth of the MZI Q-switched.
A novel interleave filter using Mach-Zehnder-Based sampled fiber gratings was proposed and fabricated. The interleaver demonstrates channel spacing of 100GHz and isolation >15dB.
A method of measuring the group time-delay of chirped fiber grating g(CFG) is presented in this paper. This approach is based on mode-mocking technique. An F-P cavity LD and a linearly CFG under test compound together to be an external cavity laser. Group time-delay can be investigated by measuring adjusted RF frequency and corresponding lasing wavelength.
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