Spaceborne synthetic aperture radars (SARs) operating at L-band and above are nowadays a well-established tool for Earth remote sensing. In this respect, a new frontier of technological and scientific progress is represented by satellite Ka-Band SARs. Since approximately 2010, a number of European Space Agency (ESA) studies have been funded in this direction. The main identified benefit of Ka-band systems is that the short wavelength allows the implementation on a single platform of single-pass interferometry, both cross-track and along-track, with adequate interferometric sensitivity. Ka-band is also interesting due to the low penetration in media such as ice, snow, and vegetation. In principle, the 500 MHz allocation also enables high-resolution measurements. Atmospheric effects represent a severe limitation to Ka-Band SARs. Gases and water particles introduce attenuation and path delay also in clear-sky condition; raindrops also depolarization. Finally, atmospheric turbulence causes scintillation effects. Unfortunately, very few studies and experiments exist at Ka Band. With this general context, the project KaBandSARApp aims to consolidate a Ka-band SAR mission concept, linking user (product-level) observation requirements to mission requirements, and evaluating and highlighting the expected performances for a set of relevant applications. This purpose will be pursued through the development of an End-to-End (E2E) performance tool, where atmospheric effects have been simulated through a Forward Model (FM) of SAR response. This work describes the developed forward model in the general context of atmospheric effects on SAR retrieved signal. A case study relative to a quite common and light cloud (alto-stratus) will be presented and discussed.
Spaceborne X-band synthetic aperture radars (SARs) represent a well-established tool for Earth remote sensing at very
high spatial resolution (order of meters). Until now, SAR has not been exploited for hydrological cycle modelling and
numerical weather forecast, however, there are scientific evidences that at X band and beyond: i) atmospheric
precipitation in liquid and ice phase affect SAR imagery and its intensity can be retrieved, ii) snow areal extent and mass
(water-equivalent) can be detected and estimated.
KydroSAT mission concept foresees a miniaturised fully-digital SAR at Ku and Ka band (KydroSAR), specifically
devoted to detecting and estimating atmospheric precipitation and surface snow; its baseline includes dual-polarization
capability, high orbit duty cycle (>75%), flexible ground resolution (5-150 m), and a large variable swath (50-150 km),
doubled with formation of two minisatellites both carrying a KydroSAR. Moreover, the mission concept foresees the
along-track convoy with the COSMO-SkyMed and SAOCOM SAR platforms, allowing the observation of the same
scene at L, X, Ku and Ka bands. The challenging requirements of this architecture require the development of new
technologies such as Digital Beam Forming and Direct Digital to RF Conversion.
In order to exploit the synergic approach of the KydroSAT convoy for precipitation, in this work we will simulate and
discuss the SAR response at X, Ku and Ka bands of the same scene, using the SAR forward model described in Mori et
al. (2017). Subsequently, an example retrieval of Snow Equivalent Water (SWE) by Ku-SAR will be given.
Nowadays a well-established tool for Earth remote sensing is represented by Spaceborne synthetic aperture radars (SARs) operating at L-band and above that offers a microwave perspective at very high spatial resolution in almost all-weather conditions. Nevertheless, atmospheric precipitating clouds can significantly affect the signal backscattered from the ground surface on both amplitude and phase, as assessed by numerous recent works analyzing data collected by COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) and TerraSAR-X (TSX) missions. On the other hand, such sensitivity could allow detecting and quantifying precipitations through SARs. In this work, we propose an innovative processing framework aiming at producing X-SARs precipitation maps and cloud masks. While clouds masks allow the user to detect areas interested by precipitations, precipitation maps offer the unique opportunity to ingest within flood forecasting model precipitation data at the catchment scale. Indeed, several issues still need to be fully addressed. The proposed approach allows distinguishing flooded areas, precipitating clouds together with permanent water bodies. The detection procedure uses image segmentation techniques, fuzzy logic and ancillary data such as local incident angle map and land cover; an improved regression empirical algorithm gives the precipitation estimation. We have applied the proposed methodology to 16 study cases, acquired within TSX and CSK missions over Italy and United States. This choice allows analysing different typologies of events, and verifying the proposed methodology through the available local weather radar networks. In this work, we will discuss the results obtained until now in terms of improved rain cell localization and precipitation quantification.
KEYWORDS: Synthetic aperture radar, Atmospheric modeling, Device simulation, Polarimetry, 3D modeling, Ka band, Clouds, X band, Scattering, Systems modeling
Spaceborne synthetic aperture radars (SARs) operating at X-band and above allow observations of Earth surface at very
high spatial resolution. Moreover, recent polarimetric SARs enable the complete characterization of target scattering and
extinction properties. Nowadays several spaceborne X-band SAR systems are operative, and plans exist for systems
operating at higher frequency bands (i.e. Ku, Ka and W). Although higher frequencies may have interesting and
distinctive applications, atmospheric effects, especially in precipitating conditions, may affect the surface SAR response
in both the signal amplitude and its phase, as assessed by numerous works in the last years. A valid tool to analyze and
characterize the SAR response in these conditions is represented by forward modeling, where a known synthetic
scenario, which is described by user-selected surface and atmospheric conditions, is considered. Thus, the SAR echoes
corresponding to the synthetic scenarios are simulated using electromagnetic models. In this work a 3-D realistic
polarimetric SAR response numerical simulator is presented. The proposed model framework accounts for the SAR slant
observing geometry and it is able to characterize the polarimetric response both in amplitude and phase. In this work we
have considered both X and Ka bands, thus exploring the atmospheric effects for the present and future polarimetric
systems. The atmospheric conditions are simulated using the System for Atmospheric Modeling (SAM) which is an
high-resolution mesoscale model. SAM is used to define the three-dimensional distribution of hydrometeors which are
among the inputs used in the Hydrometeor Ensemble Scattering Simulator (HESS) T-Matrix which allow simulating the
SAR signal due to the atmospheric component. The SAR surface component is, instead, simulated by a Semi Empirical
Model (SEM) for bare-soils conditions and SEAWIND2 two-scale model for ocean surfaces. The proposed methodology
has been applied in this work to assess the sensitivity of the considered frequency bands to different hydrometeor spatial
distributions above some examples surface backgrounds.
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems represent the most powerful tool to monitor flood events because of their allweather capability that allows them to collect suitable images even in cloudy conditions. The quality of flood monitoring using SAR is increasing thanks to the improved spatial resolution of the new generation of instruments and to the short revisit time of the present and future satellite constellations. In particular, the COSMO-SkyMed mission offers a unique opportunity to obtain all weather radar images characterized by short revisit time. To fully exploit these technological advances, the methods to interpret images and produce flood maps must be upgraded, so that an accurate interpretation of the multitemporal radar signature, accounting for system parameters (frequency, polarization, incidence angle) and land cover, becomes very important. The COSMO-SkyMed system has been activated several times in the last few years in consequence of the occurrence of flood events all over the world in order to provide very high resolution X-band SAR images useful for flood detection purposes. This paper discusses the major outcomes of the experiences gained from using COSMO-SkyMed data for the purpose of near real time generation of flood maps. A review of the mechanisms which determine the imprints of the inundation on the radar images is provided and the approach designed to process the data and to generate the flood maps is also summarized. Then, the paper illustrates a number of significant case studies in which flood events have been monitored through COSMO-SkyMed images. These examples demonstrate the potential of the COSMO-SkyMed system and the suitability of the approach developed for generating the final products, but they also highlight some critical aspects that require further investigations to improve the reliability of the flood maps.
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