In this paper, it is proposed to use Brewster angle refraction on a conical surface to form an azimuthally polarized beam. After reflection from the conical interface of the two media, the azimuthally polarized beam is conically divergent. An azimuthally polarized beam has a vortical phase dependence. In order to collimate the output beam and make it plane-parallel, it is proposed to use one, two or three conical surfaces combined in one element. The outer surface is used to collimate the converted beam, which significantly distinguishes the proposed element from previously proposed approaches. We have named the refractive optical elements Volcone, Tetracone, and Tricone. The Volcone produces ring shape beam and the Tricone and Tetracone produce round shape beam. The polarization states of the rays when passing through the interface of the media, as well as polarization transformations using the proposed elements using our own developed ray tracing program taking into account polarization, are investigated. The description of the polarization state was carried out using Jones notation. The Volcone is fabricated by diamond turning, in which an internal conical cavity is made. The paper describes a method for calculating the path of beams through refractive conical elements, taking into account phase and polarization conversions. The Volcone is experimentally made of polymethyl methacrylate on a computer numerical control milling machine. The experiment with the Volcone demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed element. We present Tricone geometry calculation for the following manufacturing.
We investigated subwavelength diffraction optical elements based on ring gratings. We conduct numerical simulation of creation and focusing of the second order radially polarized beam and pulsed radiation passed through the subwavelength diffraction grating. The formation of a shadow focal spot in the immediate vicinity of an optical element, amplification of the longitudinal component of the electric field and the inverse energy flow can arise near the optical axis of the element were shown.
The diffraction patterns of vortex damped fields formed in the near zone of an optical fiber tapper and a subwavelength diffraction axicon with a numerical aperture more than 1 were obtained numerically using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and the finite element method (FEM).
It is well known that polarisation transformations can occur not only under sharp focusing conditions, but also in the paraxial regime. We investigate such spatial polarisation transformations of three-dimensional distribution in the focal region in the paraxial regime due to the addition of a lens by a spiral binary diffraction axicon. Theoretical analysis demonstrates the possibility of such transformations. We demonstrate that, in these cases, a zero intensity is formed on the beam axis before the focal plane, and an intensity peak is formed on the beam axis after the passage of the focal plane. The experimental results obtained are in good agreement with the simulation results. We believe that results can be useful in the field of optical manipulation of nano- and microscale objects, as well as in the field of material processing.
We investigate an ability of wavefront aberration analysis with multi-order diffractive optical elements which are matched with Zernike polynomial basis. Numerical simulations reveal that phase aberration Zernike polynomials weight coefficients can be successfully recognized with considered diffractive optical element if the meaning of the phase aberration does not exceed 0.8π. Nevertheless, further increasing of phase aberration leads to impossibility of Zernike weight coefficient of wavefront aberrations estimation.
In this paper we provide 3d full-vector static electromagnetic simulation of silicon micro-ring resonator operating. We show that geometrical and scalar approaches are not sufficiently accurate for calculating resonator parameters. Quite strong dependence of ring resonator radius on waveguide width is revealed.
The work is a numerical and experimental study of closely spaced light spot production using diffractive optical elements (DOE). It is shown that low indexed Hermite–Gaussian mode formers coupled with an objective can be utilized for the production of contrasting closely spaced small light spots in objective focus. Using a tunable laser (EKSPLA NT 242), we demonstrate that low indexed mode forming is quite resistant to chromatic dispersion, but is extremely sensitive to shifting axes of the incident beam and the element.
We consider nanofocusing of electromagnetic field in the near-field using sharp metallic and dielectric particles with little radius of surface curvature. An ability of extraordinary field confinement is shown theoretically using integral equations and modelling in Comsol. We have offered the scheme of focusing, which consists of prefocuser and nanofocuser. We consider different composition of prefocuser and nanofocuser. It is shown that a size of a focal spot extremely depends on radius of surface curvature. A refractive axicon can be used as prefocuser and metal or silicon nanoparticle can be used as nanofocuser. If the radius of aluminum spherical nanofocuser is 20 nm the radius of the focal spot is λ 400 . That is smaller than it is achieved in previous works.
KEYWORDS: Axicons, Binary data, Near field, Gaussian beams, Microscopes, Optical components, Diffraction, Near field scanning optical microscopy, Near field optics, Spiral phase plates
A helical intensity distribution was created in a near-field when Gaussian laser beam was focused by a binary phase
spiral axicon with high numerical aperture. It was shown by 3D-simlation using the Comsol software and natural
experiments with near-field microscope NT-MDT Integra Spectra. Experimental measurements and numerical
simulations are in good agreement.
KEYWORDS: Polarization, Near field scanning optical microscopy, Objectives, Near field, Molecules, Microscopy, Zone plates, Gaussian beams, Fiber optics, Microscopes
We conduct a theoretical and experimental study of the distribution of the electric field components in the focal plane when rotating a zone plate with a π- phase jump placed in the focused beam. By comparison of the theoretical and experimental results, the analysis of the polarization sensitivity of different types of metal-coated aperture probes is conducted. It is demonstrated that with increasing diameter of the non-metal-coated tip part there occurs an essential redistribution of sensitivity in favor of the transverse electric field components and the increase of the probe’s energy throughput. We obtain that the probe response is similar to the transverse component of electric field in the case of Gaussian beam focusing however in the case of Hermite-Gaussian beam focusing the probe response is similar to gradient of electric longitudinal component.
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