Contemporary battery management systems (BMS) rely on monitoring external parameters such as voltage and current to ensure that the battery operates safely and has the required performance, often resulting in overdesign and inefficient capacity usage. Embedded sensors can be used for internal battery condition monitoring to provide accurate operating status information and state of charge. This paper presents an embedded optical sensing method using a tiny fiber optic sensor implanted inside a lead-acid battery. Under the premise of not affecting the performance of the battery, the refractive index sensitive characteristics of the inclined grating are used to monitor and feedback the electrolyte concentration in the process of battery discharge in real time. The tilted fiber Bragg grating(TFBG) sensor can provide on-line feedback of discharge through transmission spectrum. And it can also realize the high sensitivity online monitoring of the discharge quantity of lead-acid battery, which provides a convenient method for researchers and engineers to manage the battery.
High-sensitivity sensing of force is realized through an all-fiber cavity ring-down structure. Based on a fiber coupler with a coupling ratio of 99:1, instead of a traditional ring-down cavity mirror, an all-fiber ring-shaped decay cavity was designed and manufactured. This experiment uses a continuously tunable narrow linewidth laser for wavelength scanning, and uses an FBG with a center wavelength of 1550 nm for wavelength filtering in the scanning process. A zigzag micro-bend modulation module with a period of 2mm is designed, the fiber in the cavity passes through the module twice, and the length of the sensing area is 8 cm. The detection sensitivity corresponding to the pressure of 8~16N measured at room temperature is 0.07722μs -1·N-1 . The results show that the fiber cavity ring-down structure based on the whole fiber has high sensitivity and a good application prospect in the field of real-time pressure monitoring.
In order to solve the problem that traditional piezoelectric sensors (PZT) cannot be implanted into the material to monitor the internal sound field transmission of the material, an unbalanced Michelson interferometer is used to build an acoustic signal based on a phase shift fiber Bragg grating (PSFBG) Monitoring system, carried out acoustic signal transmission detection experiment, compared the signal characteristics of PSFBG and PZT two sensors; and studied the sensitivity and temperature stability of PSFBG signal. The results show that the sensitivity of PSFBG is higher than that of the commercial R15a acoustic emission PZT sensor, and the volume is much smaller than that of PZT. It can be applied to the detection of sound field transmission inside the material; it can work stably under a wide temperature threshold (- 20°C ~80°C) environment, with amplitude variation not more than 5%; The self-built PSFBG demodulation system is used to measure the acoustic signal in real time.
In this paper, a multi-parameter optical fiber system is developed and demonstrated by using a single polarimetric fiber ring laser sensor and beat frequency demodulation technique. The polarimetric fiber ring laser is formed by a fiber Bragg grating, a piece of Erbium doped fiber and a 3 dB fiber coupler. Since the fiber laser cavity is long enough, there are many longitudinal modes in the laser cavity. For each order longitudinal mode, two orthogonal polarization modes will experience slightly mode splitting due to the intrinsic fiber birefringence. As a result, in this polarimetric fiber ring laser, there exists two kinds of beat frequency signals, i.e. longitudinal mode beat frequency and polarization mode beat frequency signals. When the fiber laser cavity suffers from external perturbations, such as temperature change, strain change, and the fiber birefringence change, these two kinds of beat frequency signals will experience different response and can be used to measure multiple parameters simultaneously. We have theoretically analyzed the principle of measurement temperature, strain and fiber birefringence and experimentally measured these parameters in the test. The proposed multi-parameter sensing system just uses a single polarimetric fiber ring laser sensor and one beat frequency demodulation equipment. It will be promising in many application fields due to its advantages of simple structure, portability, high sensitivity, and low cost.
The 16-channel multi-longitudinal mode fiber laser sensor array is investigated experimentally by the wavelength/frequency division multiplexing technique. In the proposed sensing system, a 4×4 sensor array is established by a few different coupling-ratio couplers, and four different fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) with different center wavelengths are used as four different sensing units. In each sensor unit, four parallel fiber laser sensors have the same operating wavelengths FBGs, but their effective laser cavity lengths slightly different from each other. Every cavity is formed by a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) serving as one reflection mirror, a piece of erbium-doped fiber (EDF) acting as the gain medium, and a Faraday rotator mirror (FRM) serving as other reflection mirror. When the pump power is higher than threshold value, the 16-channel fiber laser sensor array is stimulated stably. The frequency of the beat signal of the fiber laser sensor with different cavity lengths is used to realize frequency division multiplexing, and the wavelength division multiplexing is realized according to the operation wavelength of the fiber laser. The beat frequency signals are generated on a photodetector(PD), and monitored by a frequency spectrum analyzer(FSA). By tracking the shift of the beat frequency, all of the 16 laser sensors can be demodulated and real-time discriminated. The result of the experiment shows that different channels can be demodulated independently. The applications of the sensor array for strain and temperature measurements are also investigated. The strain or temperature information can be extracted from the change of the beat frequency signals according to the wavelength-frequency division multiplexing and the beat signal demodulation. The proposed hybrid multiplexing system can greatly reduce the weight, volume, and cost of the fiber laser sensors system while increasing the amount of the sensors multiplexable, which making it very competitive in some applications fields requiring large scale arrays such as space vehicles, marine infrastructure systems and constructional engineering.
Standard phase-shifting interferometry (PSI) generally requires collecting at least three phase-shifted interferograms to
extract the physical quantity being measured. Here, we propose a simple two-frame PSI for the testing of a range of
optical surfaces, including flats, spheres, and aspheres. The two-frame PSI extracts modulated phase from two randomly
phase-shifted interferograms using a Gram-Schmidt algorithm, and can work in either null testing or non-null testing
modes. Experimental results of a paraboloidal mirror suggest that the two-frame PSI can achieve comparable
measurement precision with conventional multi-frame PSI, but has the advantages of faster data acquisition speed and
less stringent hardware requirements. It effectively expands the flexibility of conventional PSI and holds great potential
in many applications.
We propose a simple yet effective phase demodulation algorithm for two-shot fringe patterns with random phase shifts.
The phase to be recovered is decomposed into a linear combination of finite terms of orthogonal polynomials; the
expansion coefficients and the phase shift are exhaustively searched through global optimization. The technique is
insensitive to noise or defects, and is capable of retrieving phase from low fringe-number interferograms. The retrieved
phase is continuous and no further phase unwrapping process is required. The method is expected to be promising to
process interferograms with regular fringes.
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively explored as a model nanostructure in nanomedicine and have been widely used to provide advanced biomedical research tools in diagnostic imaging and therapy. Due to the necessity of targeting AuNPs to individual cells, evaluation and visualization of AuNPs in the cellular level is critical to fully understand their interaction with cellular environment. Currently imaging technologies, such as fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy all have advantages and disadvantages. In this paper, we synthesized AuNPs by femtosecond pulsed laser ablation, modified their surface chemistry through sequential bioconjugation, and targeted the functionalized AuNPs with individual cancer cells. Based on their high optical absorption contrast, we developed a novel, label-free imaging method to evaluate and visualize intracellular AuNPs using photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). Preliminary study shows that the PAM imaging technique is capable of imaging cellular uptake of AuNPs in vivo at single-cell resolution, which provide an important tool for the study of AuNPs in nanomedicine.
Crohn’s disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease, which may cause obstructing intestinal strictures due to inflammation, fibrosis (deposition of collagen), or a combination of both. Identifying the different stages of the disease progression is still challenging. In this work, we indicated the feasibility of non-invasively characterizing intestinal strictures using photoacoustic imaging (PAI), utilizing the uniquely optical absorption of hemoglobin and collagen. Surgically removed human intestinal stricture specimens were investigated with a prototype PAI system. 2D PA images with acoustic resolution at wavelength 532, 1210 and 1310 nm were formulated, and furthermore, the PA histochemical components images which show the microscopic distributions of histochemical components were solved. Imaging experiments on surgically removed human intestinal specimens has demonstrated the solved PA images were significantly different associated with the presence of fibrosis, which could be applied to characterize the intestinal strictures for given specimens.
We present an in-fiber Mach-Zehnder type interferometer (MZI) in single mode fiber based on lateral offset splicing
technique. The MZI relies on the interference between the fundamental core mode and a co-propagating cladding mode. To build an in-fiber MZI, we need one element or device which excites two co-propagating modes and another one to recombine them. In our case, the excitation and recombination of modes is realized by two cascaded lateral offset splicing joints. The effects of the lateral offset amount, the interferometer cavity length, and the fusion splicing
parameters on the property and performance of the in-fiber MZI were investigated experimentally. By choosing an
appropriate lateral offset amount, the MZIs with good interference fringe contrast and low insertion loss can be
fabricated. Several in-fiber MZIs with different interferometer lengths were built and it is found that the interference
peak wavelength spacing is inversely proportional to the interferometer length L. The potential applications of the
proposed in-fiber MZI were further investigated as strain sensors.
We report a compact in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) made along a hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber
(HC-PBF). The MZI uses a long period grating (LPG) and an offset-splice joint (OSJ) which act as beam splitter and
combiner respectively. The LPG was produced by use of a high frequency pulsed CO2 laser, and the OSJ was made in
serial with the LPG by using a commercial fusion splicer. The interference is between the fundamental core mode (FCM)
and a high-order core mode (HOCM). The proposed interferometer was experimentally tested for temperature and strain
measurements, and the sensitivities of the interference fringe dip wavelength to temperature and strain are 107.5 pm/
(°C-m) and -1.24 pm/με, respectively.
A simple wireless-fiber laser sensor is proposed base on directly photonic generation
of microwave beat signal. In this scheme, a multi-longitudinal modes fiber laser is formed by two fiber Bragg gratings and a section of erbium-doped fiber. Two same 2G-GSM mobile antennas are used as wireless transmitter and receiver. By this method, the real-time monitoring of fiber laser sensors can be achieved through over ultra-long distance. This technique offers a simple, all-electrical and cheap way for fiber sensor information accessing wireless net. The experiment result shows the root mean square deviations of the sensor are about 4.7 με and 6.7 με at 2.38 GHz before and after wireless transmission, respectively.
The response of transmission spectrum of cascaded long period gratings with hydrogel coating to relative humidity is
investigated experimentally. Two configurations in terms of coated/not coated areas of the cascaded LPGs are explored
to gain a significant enhancement of RH sensitivity. For humidity level greater than 50%RH, the visibility of the
interference fringes is highly sensitive to relative humidity, showing a good linearity. The sensitivities of the two
proposed hydrogel coated cascaded LPGs devices are 7.71 × 10-3/%RH and 7.08 × 10-3/%RH, respectively. RH
accuracies of ± 0.45% and ± 0.32% are achieved, respectively.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Fiber lasers, Fiber Bragg gratings, Fiber optics sensors, Signal to noise ratio, Laser resonators, Modes of laser operation, Reflectors, Signal detection, Signal generators
A multilongitudinal mode fiber ring laser sensor is proposed and experimentally demonstrated by measuring the strain applied on the laser sensor head. The ring cavity of the laser is formed by a 3-dB coupler, a section of erbium-doped fiber, and one fiber Bragg grating. Photonic generation of beat signals and strain measurement theory are discussed in detail. The strain applied on the fiber ring cavity is obtained by measuring the beat frequency shift. The selection way of the optimal beat signal for strain measurement is obtained by experimental research and discussion. The root-mean-square deviation of the strain and the response of beat frequency to the strain are 2.7 μɛ and 1.5 kHz/μɛ at 1993 MHz, respectively. The proposed sensor scheme offers a cost-effective and high-stability device for strain measurement.
A multi-longitudinal-mode fiber laser sensor is proposed and experimentally
demonstrated base on beat frequency demodulation method. A novel laser cavity is formed by a
FBG, a section of erbium-doped fiber and a broadband reflector. The proposed laser sensor has
ultra-stable frequency information due to self-phase matching of FBG, and high signal to noise
ratio.
A fiber distributed feedback laser accelerometer base on the double flexure strips structure is designed and
experimentally studied. In this paper, the vibration response of this double flexure strips structure is theoretically
analyzed and simulated. The ripple response of the proposed sensor is less than 1dB from 50 Hz to 350 Hz. The
experimental results show that the sensor has a higher sensitivity of 1591rad/g at 400Hz by introducing a 3x3 coupler
combining with an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder fiber interferometer demodulator. Signal-to-Noise and cross-sensitivity
coefficient of the sensor signal are about 43 dB and 10 dB respectively.
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel FBG dual-wavelength fiber laser sensor based on the beat
frequency demodulation technology. The dual-wavelength beat frequency sensing signal of about 5.224 GHz has been
obtained in a photodetector and observed by a radio-frequency spectrum analyzer (RFSA). Furthermore, by employing a
LiNbO3 modulator, the high-frequency beating signal can be tuned arbitrarily to tens or hundreds of MHz without
distortions. Thus a very cheap and low-frequency RF spectrum analyzer can be used in frequency signal detection. When
a strain is applied on the sensor, the beating signal will shift with a stain sensitivity of about (-3.92) kHz/με.
A novel interrogation method with multi-switches channels for time-division multiplexing Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)
sensor system is introduced. An electric switches array controlled by a complex programmable logic device (CPLD) is
used in this scheme to monitoring simultaneously each sensor of the FBG array according to the different transmition
times of each sensor grating. In this paper, More than 10 FBG sensors are interrogated and demodulated simultaneously
base on unbalanced Michelson interferometer. The sensing sensitivity of this system is 1.658 Deg per micro-strain,
experimentally. The interrogation frequency of the system could reach 1 KHz.
Multi-channel output of time division multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensing network was realized using a cascaded electrical switches array. The emission of a broadband light source modulated by an electro-optic modulator was injected into a four-element fiber Bragg grating sensor array spaced 10m apart. The clock-signal, which is the same as the modulating signal from the electro-optic modulator, was exploited to control the secondary cascaded switches. The signal outgoing from switches was allocated by the pulses and reflected by the sensor elements into a cascade electrical switches array. The sensor signal was then transmitted to the corresponding parallel linking switch that was controlled by the time-delay signal generator on the basis of the time delay of the sensor signal, arriving at the cascaded electrical switches array. By using demodulation with the unbalanced Michelson interferometer, which converted the wavelength shift to phase changes, the measurand was attained by the phase meter. Performance of the proposed system with a sensing sensitivity at the wavelength of 1560 nm found to be 1.654 Deg per micro-strain, which has good agreement with theoretical estimation of 1.673 Deg per micro-strain.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.