An evanescently coupled waveguide photodiode (EC-WG-PD) for both 1310-nm and 1550-nm wavelength bands has been developed for use in long-haul and high capacity very-short-reach (VSR) transmission systems. The EC-WG-PD is much more robust than a conventional waveguide photodiode (WG-PD) under high optical input operation because its absorbed optical power density is distributed along the light propagation in the waveguide. High external quantum efficiency of 65% for 1310 nm and 74% for 1550 nm, and a high 3-dB-down bandwidth of 41 GHz were demonstrated. No significant degradation of the frequency response was observed up to an average photocurrent of 10 mA. Moreover, a clear receiving eye-waveform was obtained at 40 Gb/s for an implemented single-output receiver module.
Two types of waveguide photodiodes (WG-PD) - an evanescently coupled photodiode (EC-WG-PD) and a separated-absorption-and-multiplication avalanche photodiode (SAM-WG-APD) - have been developed for use in 40-Gbps receivers. The EC-PD is much more robust than a conventional WG-PD under high optical input operation because of its distributed absorbed optical power density along the light propagation in the waveguide. The EC-WG-PD simultaneously exhibited a high external responsivity of 0.96 A/W, a wide bandwidth of >40 GHz, and as high as 10-mA photocurrent operation. On the other hand, the SAM-WG-APD has a wide bandwidth of 30-35 GHz and a gain-bandwidth product of 140-180 GHz as a result of its small waveguide mesa structure and a thin multiplication layer. Record highest receiver sensitivities of -28.8 dBm at 10 Gbps and -19.6 dBm at 40 Gbps have been achieved for the first time.
A separated-absorption-and-multiplication (SAM) AlInAs/GaInAs waveguide avalanche photodiode (APD) has been developed for 40-Gbps receivers. It has the widest bandwidth of 30-35 GHz and a gain-bandwidth product of 140-180 GHz, as a result of its small waveguide mesa structure and a thin 0.1micrometers thick avalanche layer. Preliminary results show the highest 10-Gbps sensitivity ever reported: -28.8 dBm at a bit-error-rate of 10-9. This waveguide APD is a candidate for 40-Gbps applications as a cost-effective super-efficient photodetector.
A high-yield and high-performance single longitudinal mode laser diode (LD) is essential for implementing a low-cost optical module for high capacity access networks. We have realized novel partially corrugated waveguide (PC) LDs and shown that they are cost-effective. Because of a unique resonance feature in a mirror loss profile, the PC-LD has higher yield in single longitudinal mode operation than that of a conventional distributed feedback (DFB) LD. The yield of the PC-LD with single-mode stability ((Delta) (alpha) L > 0.3) was theoretically predicted to be as high as > 65%, which is 1.5 to 2 times higher than that of a conventional DFB-LD. Side-mode suppression ratio was experimentally as high as 40 to 50 dB. Uncooled high-efficiency characteristics have been realized for a cavity with asymmetrical reflectivity facets. The threshold current and slope efficiency were 16 mA and 0.26 W/A at 85 degree(s)C. By introducing a spot-size converted waveguide with chirped corrugation, butt-coupling efficiency was improved by 3 dB higher than that of the conventional straight waveguide. Furthermore, excellent optical feedback resistant 622 Mb/s operation has been demonstrated over a wide temperature range of -40 to 85 degree(s)C. The power penalty was as low as 1 dB under the optical feedback level of -8.5 dB. Isolator-free 2.5 Gb/s-70 km transmission was also demonstrated. The PC-LDs with this performance are very promising for realizing cost-effective optical modules for use in high capacity optical access networks.
This paper clarifies superior external optical feedback resistant characteristics in partially-corrugated-waveguide laser diodes (PC-LDs), compared to conventional distributed feedback laser diodes (DFB-LDs). Based on a novel large single dynamic analysis by using the van der Pol equations in single-mode laser diodes (LDs), it is found that the external optical feedback resistance in single-mode LDs is dominated by the transient fluctuation of mirror loss (total net threshold gain), and depends on the grating phases at the cleaved facets. Theoretical results predict that in the PC-LDs, mirror loss is insensitive to the grating facet phases due to a unique waveguide, which consists of a corrugated waveguide near the antireflection-coated front facet and an uncorrugated waveguide near the high- reflection-coated rear facet. Therefore the variation of phase conditions for oscillation caused by the external optical feedback gives rise to a relative low transient fluctuation of the mirror loss that suppresses the positive feedback effect of mirror loss, as well as the optical output fluctuations. Furthermore, optimum-grating length, i.e. 150 micrometers for 250 micrometers cavity length, was derived by the calculations. The relative intensity noise (RIN) caused by external optical feedback was measured for PC-LDs with different grating length over a wide feedback level range from -40 dB to -20 dB. Experimental results show that, for the cavity length of 250 micrometers , the PC-LDs with a grating length of 150 micrometers have the most excellent external optical feedback resistant characteristics. The increase of RIN was suppressed to as low as -126 dB/Hz with the external optical feedback of -20 dB. These results agreed well with the theoretical analysis.
Recent CATV network systems require high power (Po >= 20 mW), wide band (1 GHz) and low distortion light sources for use in high capacity network schemes. Furthermore, cost effective light sources are also needed for use in narrowing services. We have developed high performance, 1.3-micrometers partially corrugated waveguide laser diodes (PC-LDs) suitable for use in such CATV networks. The production yield of these PC-LDs with respect to low distortion specifications has been improved about three times over that of conventional distributed feedback (DFB) LDs, and this can be attributed to their characteristic of not being sensitive to grating phases as well as their flat electric field profile along the cavities. Excellent low distortion characteristics (a composite second-order distortion <EQ -60 dBc and a composite triple beat <EQ -70 dBc) for an 80-channel CATV specification were also realized for the PC-LDs over the wide power range of 10 approximately 30 mW by reducing junction capacitance of the current blocking layer. Intermodulation distortion in LDs caused by several nonlinear mechanisms was also investigated using a transfer- matrix method and an electric equivalent circuit model of LDs, taking electric field distribution along the cavity and leakage current that flows into the current blocking layer into account. Resonance oscillation and electric field nonuniformity related distortion are predominant in the lower light-output power region, while leakage current related distortion is dominant in the high-power region. Moreover, external optical feedback resistant characteristics of the PC-LDs were theoretically predicted and experimentally demonstrated. Optical feedback resistance of the PC-LDs was about ten times higher than that of conventional DFB-LDs due to their unique electric field profile along the cavity.
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