A new design concept for a dynamically focusing silicon membrane mirror with 6-mm diameter and electrostatic actuation was realized. With this concept, membrane buckling by residual compressive stress inside the membrane can be avoided, which is observed even in crystalline membranes fabricated in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology and leads to severe distortion of stress-sensitive devices, such as membrane-based micromirrors. To eliminate the influence of residual stress (compressive or tensile), a membrane suspension with a new stress-relief design was developed by the use of finite element (FEM) simulations. The improvement was achieved by a special tangential-beam suspension, which allows an in-plane expansion or contraction of the membrane, which reduces the stress-induced deformation and leads to substantially flat and distortion-free micromirrors (distortion<λ/10 ). Measurements of realized devices are in very good agreement with the prediction of the FEM simulation. A comparison of membranes with the new stress-relief suspension shows, for example, for a membrane with 6-mm diameter and 10-μm thickness, a distortion of 54 nm compared to 340 nm for a conventional rigidly clamped membrane. A focus range between 97 mm and infinity (flat position) can be used in accordance with the simulation.
A new design concept for a dynamically focusing micromachined silicon membrane mirror with 6 mm diameter and electrostatic actuation was realized. To eliminate the influence of residual stress a special stress relief design of the membrane`s suspension was developed in order to achieve a distortion-free optical mirror (distortion < λ/10 (λ = 1064 nm). Even silicon membranes fabricated in SOI technology mostly suffer from buckling by residual compressive stress caused by mismatch in the coefficients of thermal expansion between silicon and the buried silicon oxide layer [1, 2].This often leads to severe distortion of stress sensitive devices such as membrane based micro mirror devices [3]. Even though a tensile pre-stress might improve the distortion in case of a non-deformed membrane, a tensile stress in the membrane increases the stiffness and thus reduces the sensitivity e.g. for capacitive sensors or for actuating devices. Different methods are reviewed for stress compensation or stress relief in membranes. We developed and fabricated a new stress relief structure which reduces the stress induced deformation of membranes and leads to substantially flat micromirrors of high optical quality. This is achieved by a special tangential beam suspension which allows an in-plane expansion or contraction of the membrane proportional to its inherent compressive or tensile stress. Optimized beam structures and the voltage dependence of the mirror’s deflection were determined by 3D FEM simulations. For membranes with a compressive pre-stress of -20MPa simulations show a decrease in bow to values < 18 nm in comparison with 700 nm for a conventional rigidly clamped membrane. A deflection of 16 μm within an aperture of 5 mm diameter is theoretically achieved by a voltage U0 = 200 V resulting in a minimal focal length of 97 mm. The fabricated devices have been characterized by the means of interferometric optical measurement. The measurement results are in good agreement with the theoretical prediction of FEM simulations.
In this paper the design and fabrication of an integrated micro energy harvester capable of harvesting electrical energy
from low amplitude mechanical vibrations is presented. A specific feature of the presented energy harvester is its
capability to harvest vibrational energy from different directions (3D). This is done through an innovative approach for
electrets placed on vertical sidewalls and thereby allowing for miniaturization of 3D capacitive energy harvester on
monolithic CMOS substrates. A new simple electret charging method using ionic hair-dryers/hair ionizers is reported and
shown that it can be effectively used for electrets-based micro energy harvesters.
A microfluidic system was developed and combined with optical tweezers for single cell sorting. This system consists of
a glass chip of 300 μm thickness with an etched crosswise channel structure, a silicon layer for sealing and a PMMA
substrate for tubular coupling. Selected cells are trapped and moved in perpendicular direction to the main flow for
recovery in special reservoirs and further evaluation (e.g. by polymerase chain reaction, PCR). In addition, maximum
light doses and exposure times for maintaining cell viability were determined.
KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Semiconducting wafers, Micromirrors, Electrodes, Finite element methods, Silicon, Deep reactive ion etching, Laser interferometry, Space operations, Nanoimprint lithography
A silicon micromirror with 3x3 mm² surface area and a thickness of 100 μm has been designed and realized for the
future space mission LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna). The mirror is electrostatically actuated. The tilt
movement of the mirror is provided by torsional load of the mirror suspension. 3D FEM simulations have been used for
optimization of the layout of the mirror device. A torsion angle of ± 1.9 mrad is achieved at a driving voltage of
U=200V.
The demanding requirements on the laser interferometer in the mission LISA in respect to mechanical stability, noise
performance and especially piston effect, (i.e. the requirement that under rotation of the mirror no significant z-movement
of the reflection surface occurs) are fulfilled with a new design and fabrication concept for the
micromechanical device. The piston-effect is avoided by a rotational axis of the micromirror which coincides exactly
with the surface of the mirror. This is achieved by using a symmetric SOI-wafer (Silicon on Insulator) with handle and
device wafer having exactly the same thickness. The mirror plane is formed by the handle wafer. The suspending beams
are realized from both, the handle and the device wafer of SOI-wafer. Thus the central axis of the beams coincides with
the reflecting plane. In addition, the z-displacement of the mirror under rotation due to the attracting electrostatic force is
minimized by optimization of the beams and the counter electrode using FEM simulation.
Fabricated devices are characterized by special interferometric optical measurements.
MOEMS-based thin silicon membrane mirrors with a useable diameter of 5mm and fast (up to 1kHz) tunable focal length
(80 mm to 1m) have been realized. A ring shaped counter electrode is used to achieve a parabolic membrane deformation
by electrostatic forces. A circular kerf at the outer perimeter of the membrane provides a soft suspension to the rim and
thus reduces the needed driving voltage. FEM has been used for optimisation of the design, especially of the soft
suspension, which is realized by a controlled thinning of the outer rim of the Si-membrane.
A critical issue for demanding applications is the membrane distortion induced by material stress and the fabrication
process. Membrane residual stress reduction has been obtained by using SOI-technology (c-silicon) and by optimisation
of the Al deposition process (Al-coated Si-membrane).
For dynamic tests of the optical mirror properties a stroboscopic interferometer has been realized. A pulsed laser diode
with a pulse duration of 10μs is used as a light source which is synchronized with the modulated electrical field driving
the membrane mirror. The interference pattern is recorded with a CCD and evaluated with conventional phaseshift
techniques. The geometry is similar to a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The reference path length can be varied with a
piezoceramic to induce the phase shift.
KEYWORDS: Electrodes, Mirrors, Etching, Microopto electromechanical systems, Finite element methods, Silicon, Deep reactive ion etching, Beam shaping, Distortion, Control systems
A MEMS based device for active focus control is presented. The concept has been developed using coupled field FEM simulation. The focus length is adjusted by a reflective membrane which is electro-statically deformed. Using a special ring shaped counter electrode and an optimized weak membrane suspension, a perfect parabolic shape of the deformed membrane is obtained over a very large diameter at reasonable low driving voltages. The counter electrode is part of the chip package which simplifies the fabrication process. Using SOI-technology, the realization of stress free membranes with a diameter up to 10 mm has been proven. The device can be used in active optical applications where large numerical apertures are needed. Potential applications are e.g. confocal microscopy or scanning applications for focus control. In this paper, detailed results of the design optimization process are presented.
We have developed a novel low-cost electrostatically actuated 1x2 fiber switch which basically consists of two active components only, i.e. metalized movable fibers and fixed electrodes. With this set-up, a direct movement and, additionally, a self-alignment of the fibers is performed. In contrary to other MEMS designs no complex moving parts are necessary. It is possible to fabricate the switch with low-cost polymer techniques. Driving voltages below 60V and switching times below 8ms have been demonstrated with these polymer devices.
The optical fiber switch presented utilises electrostatic forces to move one incoming fiber with respect to the two outgoing fibers. Simultaneous application of the actuation voltage to the inlet fiber and the respective outlet fiber will pull both fibers into the same corner of the actuation chamber, where they settle in a perfect optical alignment.
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