This paper presents an innovative super-resolution (SR) method for Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), enhancing image resolution and reducing noise without retraining for different scales. Traditional SR techniques, interpolation, reconstruction, and learning-based, are surpassed by our approach, which combines a "shifted steered mixture of experts" with an autoencoder. This method outperforms the latest algorithms in subjective and objective evaluations, including PSNR and perceptual metrics. A distinctive feature is the adjustable sharpness, enabling targeted edge sharpening or defocusing through kernel experts’ bandwidth adjustments. This adaptability negates the need for data-specific retraining, offering a robust solution to improve OCT image quality and medical imaging analysis.
Dynamics of a speckle pattern formed on the surface of a diffusely reflecting object is a source of valuable information about the changes that occur in the object. Laser speckle photometry extracts relevant information about the object from variations in speckle intensity. Speckle dynamics is visualized by means of an activity map, which renders the 2D distribution of a statistical parameter related to intensity changes. The contrast of the map is crucial for better detection of areas of different activity. Strong fluctuations in the map input data severely degrade the contrast. The main factors affecting the contrast are the processing algorithm and the speckle intensity distribution defined by the parameters of the optical system. The aim of this work is to find the optimal speckle pattern for laser speckle photometry based on the quality assessment of a 2D activity map estimated by correlation-based algorithms with averaging in the temporal or spatial domain. The study included simulation of correlated images with symmetric/asymmetric intensity distribution or at different speckle contrasts. We checked the quality of the obtained map for the case of 8-bit encoded, binary, or JPEG-compressed speckle images. We performed sensitivity evaluation of the method for non-destructive testing of samples under tensile extension.
In this work, we propose to leverage a deep-learning (DL) based reconstruction framework for high quality Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS-OCT) images, by incorporating wavelength (λ) space interferometric fringes. Generally, the SS-OCT captured fringe is linear in wavelength space and if Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) is applied to extract depth-resolved spectral information, the resultant images are blurred due to the broadened Point Spread Function (PSF). Thus, the recorded wavelength space fringe is to be scaled to uniform grid in wavenumber (k) space using k-linearization and calibration involving interpolations which may result in loss of information along with increased system complexity. Another challenge in OCT is the speckle noise, inherent in the low coherence interferometry-based systems. Hence, we propose a systematic design methodology WAVE-UNET to reconstruct the high-quality OCT images directly from the λ-space to reduce the complexity. The novel design paradigm surpasses the linearization procedures and uses DL to enhance the realism and quality of raw λ-space scans. This framework uses modified UNET having attention gating and residual connections, with IDFT processed λ-space fringes as the input. The method consistently outperforms the traditional OCT system by generating good-quality B-scans with highly reduced time-complexity.
In Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), speckle noise significantly hampers image quality, affecting diagnostic accuracy. Current methods, including traditional filtering and deep learning techniques, have limitations in noise reduction and detail preservation. Addressing these challenges, this study introduces a novel denoising algorithm, Block-Matching Steered-Mixture of Experts with Multi-Model Inference and Autoencoder (BM-SMoE-AE). This method combines block-matched implementation of the SMoE algorithm with an enhanced autoencoder architecture, offering efficient speckle noise reduction while retaining critical image details. Our method stands out by providing improved edge definition and reduced processing time. Comparative analysis with existing denoising techniques demonstrates the superior performance of BM-SMoE-AE in maintaining image integrity and enhancing OCT image usability for medical diagnostics.
In Digital holography (DH), an in-line optical setup is commonly employed due to relatively low spatial
resolution of CCD camera. In DH, a phase shifting method is commonly employed to determine the complex
amplitude on the recording plane. In this study, we propose a phase shift error compensation method based on the
statistics of the diffraction field of object. In most cases of the measurement using the digital holography, the object has
an optically rough surface, and a fully developed speckle field is produced in the diffraction field, i.e., the recording
plane. It is well known that the speckle phase takes a uniform probability density function (PDF). This statistical
property is very stable and can be used as a constrain in the determination of actual phase shifts. The experiments were
performed, and it was demonstrated that the phase shift error is well compensated over a fairly large amount of phase
shift error. This method has a great advantage that any modification on ordinary digital holographic system with the
phase shifting method is not required since the method utilizes information that was discarded in the conventional
method.
In this study, behavior of ball grid arrays (BGA) under external cycling loading was studied. A loading system for
inducing cycling stress to BGA was successfully built. Dynamic electronic speckle pattern interferometry (DESPI)
with in-plane sensitivity and Hilbert transform for phase analysis was applied. The cycling deformation of one solder
ball was measured continuously. Temporal, whole-field deformation on one solder ball was demonstrated.
KEYWORDS: Teeth, Dental caries, Optical coherence tomography, Bone, Tissues, 3D image processing, Light sources, Diagnostics, In vivo imaging, Signal detection
Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) systems for dental measurements are demonstrated. Two systems have been developed. The first system is fiber based Michelson interferometer with super luminescent diodes at 1310 nm and 100 nm FWHM as a light source. The sensitivity of the system was 106 dB with depth measurement range in air of 2.5 mm. The second systems is a fiber based Mach-Zehnder interferometer with wavelength scanning laser as light source at center wavelength of 1310 nm, wavelength range of 110 nm and scanning rate of 20 KHz. The sensitivity of the system is 112 dB and depth measurement range in air is 6 mm. Both systems can acquire real-time three dimensional (3-D) images in the range of several second. The systems were applied for early caries detection in tooth, for diagnostics of tooth condition after operational tooth treatment, and for diagnostics of the alveolar bone structure. In-vivo measurements were performed on two volunteers. The systems were able to detect discontinuities in tooth and resin filling after tooth treatment. In addition early carries lesion was detected in one of the volunteers. The 3-D profile of the alveolar bone was acquired for first time with non-contact method.
KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Cameras, In vivo imaging, 3D acquisition, Spectroscopy, 3D image processing, Tissues, Camera shutters, Tomography, Visualization
A high-speed line-field Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography system has been developed. Tomographic images consisting of 656 A-lines are obtained at 121 frames per second. It is corresponding to 79,400 A-line/s. Three-dimensional volume sets consist of 256 OCT images are measured within 2.1 seconds. The sensitivity of this system is 79.5 dB. A biological tissue measurement is demonstrated with human nail fold in vivo. The three-dimensional nail fold structure is visualized.
A two- and three- dimensional swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) system which uses a ready-to-ship scanning light source is demonstrated. The light source has the center wavelength of 1.31 μm, the -3 dB wavelength range of 110 nm, the scanning rate of 20 KHz and high linearity of frequency scanning. A simple calibration method using a fringe analysis technique for spectral rescaling is presented. This SS-OCT is capable of realtime display of two-dimensional OCT, and can take three-dimensional OCT with the measurement time of 2 s. In vivo human anterior eye segments are investigated both two- and three- dimensionally. The system sensitivity is experimentally determined as 113 dB.
In this paper we proposed a Hilbert Transform to calculate the phase map. The data processing is performed in temporal domain, considering the temporal history of the interference signal at every single pixel. This results in a relatively high spatial resolution of the phase map. In addition, the phase method enables a fully automatic and does not require human interaction. The final results give a temporal development of two-dimensional deformation field. To reduce the influence of the fluctuations of bias intensity on the calculated phase, it was removed prior to performing the Hilbert Transform. The proposed method for analysis of the phase of dynamic ESPI was examined in two different experiments, i.e., plastic deformation studies, and thermal expansion studies. The dynamic range of measurements is increased from several tens of nanometers to several micrometers, which makes the method very attractive for dynamic measurement.
In this paper, a dual-beam in-plane sensitive electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is applied to observe the degradation process of aluminum alloy plates under loading conditions. A quantitative phase analysis is performed using an addition-subtraction method.
A fully-automated version of the Speckle Photography based on the Fast Fourier Transform, the One-Beam Digital Speckle- Interferometry, is used for investigation of sedimentation. The study is carried out with a Hele-Show cell. Both qualitative and quantitative results of slow sedimentation of spherical glass particles in mineral oil are presented. In the present article the processes of so called `fingers' formation and its development (the sedimentation front already lost its stability) are investigated. The authors paid also attention to the uniform sedimentation after the fingers fall down on the cell's bottom.
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