Experimental research was conducted on the relationship between the graphitic crystallite in the ablation glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite and the microwave transmission decay at a frequency of 10GHz. Ablation samples were prepared by intense laser irradiation of 100W •cm-2 for different time. The microstructure and component of the ablation samples were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra. The electromagnetic characteristics were investigated by vector network analyzer at 10GHz. When laser of 100W•cm-2 irradiated the samples shorter than8seconds, the microwave transmission decay remained small. When the laser irradiated the samples 8 seconds, the graphitic crystallites were detected and the microwave transmission decay escalated. With increasing irradiation time, the size and quantity of graphitic crystallites , as well as the microwave transmission decay increased. In brief, we concluded that the generation of graphitic microcrystallites induced by laser irradiation attributed to the microwave transmission decay.
A method of double-sided laser irradiation is presented for temperature control in high temperature mechanical properties test of composite materials. Based on the finite element method (FEM), a numerical model of temperature distribution of materials was established. The effects of specification, laser heating area and laser intensity,laser heating time on temperature uniformity during heating were analyzed. The results show that the laser heating area, thickness of the specimen, laser intensity and laser heating time have a decisive effect on the temperature uniformity. The limit temperature control precision reaches 2% for carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP), and the heating time can be controlled in minutes. The method is especially suitable for composite materials that cannot be heated by electric induction in the traditional heating experiment of high heating rate. Furthermore, an experimental scheme of double-sided irradiation heating using a single laser beam was designed. Experiment results illustrated that the temperature control precision was high before the material appears obvious flame. This method has the advantages of rapid heating rate, high testing efficiency and high testing temperature. It can make a reference for mechanical properties test of composite materials at elevated temperature with rapid heating rate
In view of the surface temperature distribution and temperature rise measurement demand of metal target irradiated by high power laser, the thermosensitive phosphor surface temperature measurement technology was studied. The principle of two-color temperature measurement was introduced. After solving the key technologies of optical system optimization design, temperature distribution inversion calculation and high precision calibration, a compact thermosensitive phosphor surface temperature measuring system was developed. The temperature measurement range from room temperature to 1500 K, the space measurement range was greater than that of diameter 50mm, and the spatial resolution was better than 0.5mm. The thermosensitive phosphor surface temperature measurement technique was used to measure the surface temperature distribution and temperature rise of stainless steel targets irradiated by high power laser, and the results were compared with the results of thermocouple and numerical simulation. It is proved that the surface temperature measurement system can realize the measurement of surface temperature field distribution of high power laser irradiated target, and has high temperature measurement precision.
The microwave transmittance of glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) slabs subjected to continuous-wave laser ablation was studied in the framework of continuum mechanics. First, a one-dimensional physical model involving laser absorption, heat conduction, resin pyrolysis, thermal radiation, and convection heat transfer was established to obtain the temperature field. An experiment-based absorption coefficient was proposed to capture the bulk-to-surface absorption transition during laser ablation. Second, the complex dielectric constant was modeled using a solid-state kinetic model describing the graphitization of pyrolysis products. The microwave reflectivity and transmittance were calculated based on the dielectric constant distribution. The agreement of the temperature and microwave transmittance with the experimental results suggests the feasibility of the model. The influence of laser power density, material thickness, and tangential airflow velocity on microwave transmittance was studied based on the model. The microwave transmittance changed nonmonotonically with increasing slab thickness owing to the competition between different physical mechanisms. The existence of tangential airflow reduced the decrease in microwave transmittance, particularly for weaker lasers. This study provides a useful physical model for predicting the microwave transmittance performance of GFRP in extreme heat environments.
Kevlar/nomex honeycomb sandwich structures are widely used by many apparatuses and vehicles in many domains. Since there are large quantities of epoxy resins in the structure, it is considerable to study the process that the structure is heated and produces pyrolysis gases which diffuse among the honeycomb. In this paper, the process of a laser beam irradiating a kevlar/nomex honeycomb sandwich is studied for building a mathematical model. The process is divided into two parts. One part focuses on the pyrolysis gas producing, the other one focuses on the gas diffusing among the honeycomb. The pyrolysis gas producing model is built according to experiment analysis, as a Boltzmann formula. The gas diffusion model is also built in the form of ODE equations. Validation experiment is carried out, demonstrating the model correct and accurate. Finally, the two models are combined together. By comparing with experiment, the laser irradiating and pyrolysis gas diffusing model is demonstrated to be appropriate to the case that kevlar laminas are bonded to the nomex honeycomb.
The pyrolysis responses of kevlar/epoxy composite materials are valuable to study in a case of high temperature rising rate for its widely application. Distinguishing from the Thermal Gravimetric Analysis method, an apparatus is built to research the pyrolysis responses of kevlar/epoxy composite materials irradiated by laser in order to offer a high temperature rising rate of the sample. By deploying the apparatus, a near real-time gas pressure response can be obtained. The sample mass is weighted before laser irradiating and after an experiment finished. Then, the gas products molecular weight and the sample mass loss evolution are derived. It is found that the pressure and mass of the gas products increase with the laser power if it is less than 240W, while the molecular weight varies inversely. The variation tendency is confusing while the laser power is bigger than 240W. It needs more deeper investigations to bring it to light.
An investigation was conducted to determine the relationship between heat transfer coefficient and molten pool’s geometry. It was accomplished by performing an experimental and numerical investigation using a cylinder dimple with two different serials of geometry: (1) cylinder dimples with fixed print diameter D=50mm and different depth, and (2) cylinder dimples with fixed depth d=10mm and different print diameter. The airflow speed varies from 50m/s to 250m/s in the turbulent regime. The results consist of flow characteristics, mainly velocity profile and heat transfer characteristics, including heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number along flow direction, were obtained. The comparison was held against the smooth surface. Results showed that a centrally-located vortex was formed due to the flow separation. For heat transfer coefficient, such augmentations are present near the downstream edges and diminutions are present near the upstream edges of dimple rims, both slightly within each depression. It was found that the convection heat transfer coefficients with different geometry parameters have similar distribution along flow direction. A uniform piecewise linear function was built to describe the heat transfer characterizes for different molten pool print diameter.
In order to research the dynamic process of energy coupling between an incident laser and a carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite material, an extinction characterization analysis of soot, which is produced by laser ablating and located in an air flow that is tangential to the surface of the composite material, is carried out. By the theory analyses, a relationship of mass extinction coefficient and extinction cross section of the soot is derived. It is obtained that the mass extinction coefficients of soot aggregates are the same as those of the primary particles when they contain only a few primary particles. This conclusion is significant when the soot is located in an air flow field, where the generations of the big soot aggregates are suppressed. A verification experiment is designed. The experiment employs Laser Induced Incandescence technology and laser extinction method for the soot synchronization diagnosis. It can derive a temporal curve of the mass extinction coefficient from the soot concentration and laser transmittance. The experiment results show that the mass extinction coefficient becomes smaller when the air flow velocity is higher. The reason is due to the decrease of the scatter effects of the soot particles. The experiment results agree with the theory analysis conclusion.
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