This paper describes an information repository to support bridge monitoring applications on a cloud computing platform.
Bridge monitoring, with instrumentation of sensors in particular, collects significant amount of data. In addition to
sensor data, a wide variety of information such as bridge geometry, analysis model and sensor description need to be
stored. Data management plays an important role to facilitate data utilization and data sharing. While bridge information
modeling (BrIM) technologies and standards have been proposed and they provide a means to enable integration and
facilitate interoperability, current BrIM standards support mostly the information about bridge geometry. In this study,
we extend the BrIM schema to include analysis models and sensor information. Specifically, using the OpenBrIM
standards as the base, we draw on CSI Bridge, a commercial software widely used for bridge analysis and design, and
SensorML, a standard schema for sensor definition, to define the data entities necessary for bridge monitoring
applications. NoSQL database systems are employed for data repository. Cloud service infrastructure is deployed to
enhance scalability, flexibility and accessibility of the data management system. The data model and systems are tested
using the bridge model and the sensor data collected at the Telegraph Road Bridge, Monroe, Michigan.
KEYWORDS: Bridges, Sensors, Data modeling, Data processing, Composites, General packet radio service, Corrosion, Statistical analysis, Data storage, Structural health monitoring
Advances in wireless sensor technology have enabled low cost and extremely scalable sensing platforms prompting high density sensor installations. High density long-term monitoring generates a wealth of sensor data demanding an efficient means of data storage and data processing for information extraction that is pertinent to the decision making of bridge owners. This paper reports on decision making inferences drawn from automated data processing of long-term highway bridge data. The Telegraph Road Bridge (TRB) demonstration testbed for sensor technology innovation and data processing tool development has been instrumented with a long-term wireless structural monitoring system that has been in operation since September 2011. The monitoring system has been designed to specifically address stated concerns by the Michigan Department of Transportation regarding pin and hanger steel girder bridges. The sensing strategy consists of strain, acceleration and temperature sensors deployed in a manner to track specific damage modalities common to multigirder steel concrete composite bridges using link plate assemblies. To efficiently store and process long-term sensor data, the TRB monitoring system operates around the SenStore database system. SenStore combines sensor data with bridge information (e.g., material properties, geometry, boundary conditions) and exposes an application programming interface to enable automated data extraction by processing tools. Large long-term data sets are modeled for environmental and operational influence by regression methods. Response processes are defined by statistical parameters extracted from long-term data and used to automate decision support in an outlier detection, or statistical process control, framework.
A worthy goal for the structural health monitoring field is the creation of a scalable monitoring system architecture that abstracts many of the system details (e.g., sensors, data) from the structure owner with the aim of providing “actionable” information that aids in their decision making process. While a broad array of sensor technologies have emerged, the ability for sensing systems to generate large amounts of data have far outpaced advances in data management and processing. To reverse this trend, this study explores the creation of a cyber-enabled wireless SHM system for highway bridges. The system is designed from the top down by considering the damage mechanisms of concern to bridge owners and then tailoring the sensing and decision support system around those concerns. The enabling element of the proposed system is a powerful data repository system termed SenStore. SenStore is designed to combine sensor data with bridge meta-data (e.g., geometric configuration, material properties, maintenance history, sensor locations, sensor types, inspection history). A wireless sensor network deployed to a bridge autonomously streams its measurement data to SenStore via a 3G cellular connection for storage. SenStore securely exposes the bridge meta- and sensor data to software clients that can process the data to extract information relevant to the decision making process of the bridge owner. To validate the proposed cyber-enable SHM system, the system is implemented on the Telegraph Road Bridge (Monroe, MI). The Telegraph Road Bridge is a traditional steel girder-concrete deck composite bridge located along a heavily travelled corridor in the Detroit metropolitan area. A permanent wireless sensor network has been installed to measure bridge accelerations, strains and temperatures. System identification and damage detection algorithms are created to automatically mine bridge response data stored in SenStore over an 18-month period. Tools like Gaussian Process (GP) regression are used to predict changes in the bridge behavior as a function of environmental parameters. Based on these analyses, pertinent behavioral information relevant to bridge management is autonomously extracted.
KEYWORDS: Databases, Bridges, Data modeling, Sensors, Data storage, Human-machine interfaces, Structural health monitoring, Inspection, Data processing, Finite element methods
Structural Health Monitoring of large-scale bridges requires collection, storage and processing of large amounts of data, and must provide distributed concurrent access. In this paper we report on the progress of the design and implementation of a cyber-infrastructure system that is currently being field-tested on a long-span bridge in California and a short-span bridge in Michigan. This system provides remote access for sensor data acquisition systems, data analysis modules, and human operators. The implementation is based on an object-oriented data model description and makes extensive use of code generation to allow for the rapid development and continued improvement of the system. Currently the system provides storage of raw and processed sensor data, finite element models, traffic data, links to PONTIS data, reliability modeling data, and model-based analysis results. Apart from the ubiquitous read/write access, the system also includes an event system that allows data consumers to be triggered by the arrival of new data. In addition to essential backup/restore facilities, the system also includes import/export tools that can migrate data between versions, which is very useful in keeping pace with the continuous improvements that are being made in the design and implementation of the cyber-infrastructure system. The system also provides introspection, as the data model is made available by means of an inspector client interface, which allows the development of generic client tools that can dynamically discover the data model, and present a corresponding interface to the user. Currently available user-interfaces include an editor GUI application, and a read-only web application.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Bridges, Databases, Data processing, Sensor networks, Inspection, Data conversion, Structural health monitoring, Data acquisition, Data modeling
The emergence of cost-effective sensing technologies has now enabled the use of dense arrays of sensors to monitor the
behavior and condition of large-scale bridges. The continuous operation of dense networks of sensors presents a number
of new challenges including how to manage such massive amounts of data that can be created by the system. This paper
reports on the progress of the creation of cyberinfrastructure tools which hierarchically control networks of wireless
sensors deployed in a long-span bridge. The internet-enabled cyberinfrastructure is centrally managed by a powerful
database which controls the flow of data in the entire monitoring system architecture. A client-server model built upon
the database provides both data-provider and system end-users with secured access to various levels of information of a
bridge. In the system, information on bridge behavior (e.g., acceleration, strain, displacement) and environmental
condition (e.g., wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity) are uploaded to the database from sensor networks
installed in the bridge. Then, data interrogation services interface with the database via client APIs to autonomously
process data. The current research effort focuses on an assessment of the scalability and long-term robustness of the
proposed cyberinfrastructure framework that has been implemented along with a permanent wireless monitoring system
on the New Carquinez (Alfred Zampa Memorial) Suspension Bridge in Vallejo, CA. Many data interrogation tools are
under development using sensor data and bridge metadata (e.g., geometric details, material properties, etc.) Sample data
interrogation clients including those for the detection of faulty sensors, automated modal parameter extraction.
A dense network of sensors installed in a bridge can continuously generate response data from which the health and
condition of the bridge can be analyzed. This approach to structural health monitoring the efforts associated with
periodic bridge inspections and can provide timely insight to regions of the bridge suspected of degradation or damage.
Nevertheless, the deployment of fine sensor grids on large-scale structures is not feasible using wired monitoring
systems because of the rapidly increasing installation labor and costs required. Moreover, the enormous size of raw
sensor data, if not translated into meaningful forms of information, can paralyze the bridge manager's decision making.
This paper reports the development of a large-scale wireless structural monitoring system for long-span bridges; the
system is entirely wireless which renders it low-cost and easy to install. Unlike central tethered data acquisition systems
where data processing occurs in the central server, the distributed network of wireless sensors supports data processing.
In-network data processing reduces raw data streams into actionable information of immediate value to the bridge
manager. The proposed wireless monitoring system has been deployed on the New Carquinez Suspension Bridge in
California. Current efforts on the bridge site include: 1) long-term assessment of a dense wireless sensor network; 2)
implementation of a sustainable power management solution using solar power; 3) performance evaluation of an
internet-enabled cyber-environment; 4) system identification of the bridge; and 5) the development of data mining tools.
A hierarchical cyber-environment supports peer-to-peer communication between wireless sensors deployed on the
bridge and allows for the connection between sensors and remote database systems via the internet. At the remote
server, model calibration and damage detection analyses that employ a reduced-order finite element bridge model are
implemented.
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