A method for reducing the coherent Rayleigh noise (CRN) in a Rayleigh and Brillouin (RB) self-heterodyne detection Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer (BOTDR) system using phase shift keying (PSK) pulse encoding is proposed and verified experimentally. A phase modulator and an electro-optic modulator driven by the same arbitrary function generator perform PSK pulse encoding modulation on the signal, and the traces obtained by PSK encoded pulses with different encoding patterns are superposed and averaged to reduce the CRN. The experimental results show that, in the case of 10,000 times average to eliminate other random noise effects, after using PSK pulse encoding, the amplitude fluctuation and signal-to-noise ratio at the fiber end of the RB self-heterodyne detection BOTDR sensing system are reduced by 1.12 dB and improved by 3.01 dB, respectively. In addition, the measurement accuracy and measurement stability of the Brillouin frequency shift and temperature are effectively improved. The proposed method offers a robust solution for reducing the CRN in the RB self-heterodyne detection BOTDR sensing system, facilitating high-precision and long-distance sensing capabilities.
KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Signal detection, Modulation, Temperature metrology, Light scattering, Lithium, Scattering, Phase modulation, Reflectometry, Laser scattering
Aiming at improving signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and system performance for a Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometer (BOTDR) based on self-heterodyne detection of Rayleigh and Brillouin scattering lights, an approach assisted by modulating probe light and shift-averaging laser frequency, is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The principles of modulating multifrequency probe light and shift-averaging laser frequency are analyzed theoretically, which are able to increase the signal intensity and reduce the coherent Rayleigh noise, respectively. The experimental results show that the amplitude fluctuations of Brillouin signals and spectrum parameters are decreased effectively, and SNR is enhanced significantly using three-frequency probe light with 22-time shift-averaging compared to that using single-frequency probe light without shift-averaging, and the highest accuracy of temperature measurement obtained on the 50-m-heated fiber near the far end is 0.36°C, which indicates the proposed approach is effective to enhance performance for a self-heterodyne detection BOTDR.
KEYWORDS: Magnetism, Transmittance, Particles, Magnetic sensors, Microfluidics, Monte Carlo methods, Sensors, Optical sensing, Liquids, Temperature metrology
The optical transmission properties of magnetic fluids have important theoretical research and application value. Firstly, the optical transmission properties and the influence mechanism of magnetic field on the optical transmission properties of magnetic fluids are introduced. The theoretical method of studying magnetic fluids under magnetic field is introduced. Then the effects of different factors on the optical transmission properties of magnetic fluids and the research progress of sensing applications based on the optical transmission properties of magnetic fluids are reviewed. Finally, the application of the optical transmission properties of magnetic fluids is prospected.
This study proposes the use of heterodyne detection and wavelength scanning techniques to solve the problems of small signal and large noise in a Rayleigh Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) system and thereby improve the system performance. Based on an analysis of the Rayleigh BOTDA system, heterodyne detection is used to enhance the signal intensity and wavelength scanning is used to reduce the fading noise. Experimental results obtained using the proposed techniques show that the amplitude fluctuation and signal-to-noise ratio in a 50-m-long fiber near the fiber end with 17 wavelength scans-based averaging are, respectively, reduced by 0.91 dB and increased by 4.19 dB compared to those with a single wavelength. Furthermore, the Brillouin frequency shift in a 70-m-long fiber heated to 50°C and inserted at the center of the sensing fiber can be measured accurately with a maximum fluctuation of 0.19 MHz; this is equivalent to a temperature measurement accuracy of 0.19°C. These results indicate that the proposed techniques can realize high-accuracy measurement, and therefore, they show great potential in the field of long-distance and high-accuracy sensing.
The wide range power dependence of vector stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) gain is theoretically and experimentally characterized by a mathematical model and measurement system based on the heterodyne pump–Stokes technique. The results show that SBS phase shift is much more tolerant of pump depletion than SBS amplitude gain, hence the performance improvement of the SBS-based distributed sensing system can be achieved by measuring the SBS phase shift spectrum. The discussion about the measured Brillouin spectrum width versus pump power at different Stokes powers reveals that the occurrence of nonnegligible pump depletion imposes a restriction on the determination of pump and Stokes powers in an SBS amplitude gain-based application system. The amplitude gain and phase shift of vector SBS gain increase with the increase of pump power and decrease with the increase of Stokes power, which indicates that the design strategy with smaller Stokes power and higher pump power is reasonable. And the measured center-asymmetry of the SBS phase shift spectrum is mainly caused by the nonlinear refractive index, which puts a limitation on the maximum pump power. The obtained results can provide a useful basis for the optimal design of practical vector SBS gain-based application systems.
A high-accuracy Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) measurement system for vector Brillouin optical time-domain analysis-based temperature sensor is proposed, in which double sideband modulation is used and the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) gain and loss processes work together to generate a superimposed SBS phase-shift spectrum. The measurement principle is analyzed by mathematical modeling and the proof-of-concept experiment is performed by using a 100-m long standard single-mode fiber. The theoretical and experimental results reveal that the temperature sensitivity of BFS obtained from the measured SBS phase-shift spectrum is 1.059 MHz/°C, and the measurement error of temperature is only half that in traditional single sideband-based system, which indicates that the proposed technique can realize high-accuracy temperature measurement and have huge potential in the field of long-distance and high-accuracy sensing.
OPGW(Optical Fiber Composite Overhead Ground Wire) is an important part of high voltage transmission lines with
characteristics of wide distribution and long distance. It is difficult for routine inspection and status detection by
traditional method. So, it is necessary to monitoring the status of OPGW using distributed optical fiber strain and
temperature measurement device. In this paper, the strain and temperature calibration experiment of composite optical
fiber in OPGW was completed using BOTDR (Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry). The difference of
Brillouin frequency shift coefficients to strain and temperature and initial frequency shifts between different optical
fibers were compared. The method to accurately locate connections was provided using distributed Brillouin frequency
shift curves. The status monitoring for running OPGW was realized and the data was analyzed. Results indicate that, the
frequency shift coefficients to strain and temperature of single mode fibers in one OPGW are almost the same, which are
0.05MHz/μ(epsilon) and 1.05MHz/°C, but the initial frequency shifts are different with 20MHz range. The Brillouin frequency shifts at fiber connections in change obviously, which can serve as locating basis for connections. The topography, span, mark-height and climate affect the strain and temperature distribution of OPGW.
This paper introduces the principle of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor, designs and realizes a compact wavelength
demodulation system for FBG sensing using a Fabry-Perot (F-P) filter. FPGA is adopted as a main controller to control a
D/A converter to produce a sawtooth wave for driving the F-P filter, and to design the data acquisition circuit for collecting the output signals of photoelectric detector. The collected data is processed after transmitting to PC through the data transmission circuit, and then the demodulation of FBG wavelength is completed finally. This compact FBG wavelength demodulation system is expected to have wide applications in on-line monitoring of electric power equipment and large structures.
KEYWORDS: Signal detection, Signal to noise ratio, Spatial resolution, Scattering, Signal attenuation, Reflectometry, Berkelium, Laser scattering, Interference (communication), Sensing systems
A distributed optical fiber sensing system using Golay complementary sequences as the probing pulses has been
presented. By applying Golay complementary sequences to Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer (BOTDR), the
system performances such as signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range can be improved greatly without degrading spatial
resolution. This paper has researched the constitution and frequency performances of Golay complementary sequences.
Based on the study of applying bipolar sequence to optical system, the idea of applying Golay complementary sequences
to BOTDR system has been presented, and the performance improvement on SNR and dynamic range of the system
have been calculated. At last, a BOTDR system based on Golay complementary sequences has been presented and the
simulation results have demonstrated the feasibility of this method.
Brillouin distributed optical fiber sensing system based on spontaneous Brillouin intensity measurement may measure temperature in the optical fiber, due to the dependence of spontaneous Brillouin scattering intensity on temperature. In this paper, a 4.25km distributed optical fiber temperature sensing experiment system was demonstrated. Using the experiment system, we obtained the traces of spontaneous Brillouin scattering intensity as the sensing fiber was not heated and heated respectively. By normalizing the trace of the fiber being heated to the trace of the fiber not being heated, the intensity change of spontaneous Brillouin scattering corresponding to temperature along the fiber has been obtained. And there was a good
agree between the result and the heated section of the fiber.
Based on the temperature dependence of the intensity of Brillouin scattering in optical fiber, a distributed optical fiber temperature sensing experimental system with Brillouin OTDR configuration was presented. In this system, a narrow line width LD was used as a light source. The output of LD was modulated into light pulses by an AOM. After amplified by an EDFA the light pulses were coupled into the test fiber to generate backscattering signal. A double-pass Mach-Zehnder interferometer was used to separate the spontaneous Brillouin scattering from the Rayleigh scattering. The temperature sensing experiments were carried out on two different length of fibers which were 4.25 km and 22 km long, respectively. The intensity changes in the Brillouin scattering signals due to temperature variation on both of the fibers were measured.
This paper demonstrates the recent achievements in the field of Brillouin based distributed optical fiber temperature sensing. When a dispersion-shifted fiber was subjected to a temperature cycle between 20 and 820 °C, the Brillouin shift exhibited an undesired hysteresis with a maximum frequency discrepancy of larger than 48 MHz between heating and cooling processes. After the fiber was annealed for 9 h at 850 °C, however, the hysteresis almost disappeared for repeated temperature cycles in the ranges of 20-820 °C and of 500-800 °C with deviations of the measurements from the best-fit curve of less than ±12.5MHz. The temperature dependence of Brillouin shift in the range of 20-820 °C in the annealed fiber was well expressed by a second order function of temperature. A sensing scheme that utilizes both output signals of the fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer used as an optical frequency discriminator has been proposed. The scheme that has the advantages of less system adjustment and fast measurement, combined with a suitably annealed fiber, offers a reliable means for the Brillouin shift-based distributed sensing over the wide temperature range.
The principle of all fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer as an optical filter was investigated in this paper. All fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers with single-pass and double-pass configuration were manufactured and used in the measurement of spontaneous Brillouin scattering. The separation of backscattered spontaneous Brillouin from Rayleigh with low losses was achieved effectively. With the Mach-Zehnder interferometer, a direct optical detection method was used in Brillouin OTDR, by which a new detection method for distributed sensing system based on spontaneous Brillouin scattering was proposed.
A distributed temperature sensing system based on optical fiber Brillouin scattering is presented in this paper. A distributed temperature sensing measurement was achieved with a BOTDR system. The light source was a narrow linewidth LD. The light from the LD was modulated by an AOM and amplified by a high gain EDFA to generate high power light pulses. So a high intensity spontaneous Brillouin scattering can be achieved. A double-pass all-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer was designed and used to separate Brillouin scattering from Rayleigh scattering.
Temperature dependence of spontaneous Brillouin intensity in a dispersion-shifted fiber has been investigated in a wide temperature range theoretically and experimentally. It has been found that Brillouin intensity varied with temperature linearly in the range —27 °C to 819 °C by a coefficient of(0.26±0.02)%/°C after the fiber coating was pyrolyzed totally. Temperature measurement in the range above has been realized with a spatial resolution of 13 m at the end of 4 km long test fiber, which demonstrates the feasibility of the present system for the distributed sensing of wide-range temperature.
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