We demonstrated the range imaging with high resolution of 256×256 pixels and high frame rate of 30 frames per second (fps) using a short wavelength infrared pulsed time-of-flight laser sensor, which is suitable for long range imaging. We additionally demonstrated the long range imaging of more than 1 km and wide field of view imaging of 12 deg× 4 deg, 768×256 pixels, and 10 fps. For these demonstrations, we developed the linear array devices of the aluminum indium arsenide avalanche photodiode array and silicon germanium bipolar complementary metal oxide semiconductor read-out integrated circuit array. We also deployed the flattop beam illumination optics with the beam division and recombination method and realized efficient line shape illumination.
We developed a line scanning time-of-flight (TOF) laser sensor for an intelligent transport system (ITS), which combines wide field-of-view (FOV) receiving optics of 30 deg and a high-speed microelectro mechanical system scanner of 0.9 ms/line with a simple sensor configuration. The newly developed high-aspect ratio photodiode realizes the scanless and wide FOV receiver. The sinusoidal wave intensity modulation method is used for the TOF measurement. This enables the noise reduction of the trans-impedance amplifier by applying the LC-resonant method. The vehicle detection and axle counting, which are the important functions in ITS, are also demonstrated.
We have developed a 1.5-μm eye-safe wavelength high average power laser amplifier using an Er,Yb:glass planar
waveguide for coherent Doppler LIDAR. Large cooling surface of the planar waveguide enabled high average power
pumping for Er,Yb:glass which has low thermal fracture limit. Nonlinear effects are suppressed by the large beam size
which is designed by the waveguide thickness and the beam width of the planar direction. Multi-bounce optical path
configuration and high-intensity pumping provide high-gain and high-efficient operation using three-level laser material.
With pulsed operation, the maximum pulse energy of 1.9 mJ was achieved at the repetition rate of 4 kHz. Output average
power of the amplified signal was 7.6W with the amplified gain of more than 20dB. This amplifier is suitable for
coherent Doppler LIDAR to enhance the measurable range.
Recently, we have developed the high output power laser amplifier using Er,Yb:glass planar waveguide in order to
increase the measurable range of our 1.5 μm coherent Doppler LIDAR (CDL). In this paper, we introduce this
development and demonstration of a long range wind sensing using the developed system. The transmitted pulse has a
peak power of 2.4 kW and a width of 580 ns (i.e. pulse energy of 1.4 mJ) with a pulse repetition frequency of 4 kHz, in
addition to a nearly diffraction limited beam quality. With this laser amplifier, we demonstrate the measurable range of
more than 30 km. According to our own research, this is the longest measurable range demonstration for wind sensing
CDLs.
KEYWORDS: Receivers, Signal detection, Sensors, Avalanche photodetectors, Imaging systems, Signal processing, 3D image processing, Pulsed laser operation, Stereoscopy, Signal to noise ratio
3D laser sensor is a real-time remote sensor which offers 3D images of scenes. In this paper, we demonstrate a new
concept of the pulsed 3D laser sensor with 2D scanning of a transmitting beam and a scan-less receiver. The system
achieves the fast and long-range 3D imaging with a relatively simple system configuration. We newly developed a highaspect
APD array, a receiver IC, and a range and intensity detector. By combining these devices, we realized a 160 ×
120 pixels range imaging with an on-line frame rate of 8 Hz at a distance of about 50 m.
In the previous study, we have demonstrated the first development result of the 3D imaging LADAR (LAser Detection
And Ranging) which can obtain the 3D data using linear array receiver. The system consists of in-house-made key
components. The linear array receiver consists of the previously reported APD (Avalanche Photo Diode) array, the ROIC
(Read Out Integrated Circuit) array assembled in one package, and the transmitting optics using pupil divide method
which realizes a uniform illumination on a target. In this paper, we report the advanced 3D imaging LADAR with
improved ROIC. The ROIC has the function to set the optimum threshold for pulse peak detection in each element and
switch the measurement range width on a case by case basis. Moreover, the response of MUX in ROIC is improved.
Installing this ROIC, we realized 256× 256 pixels range imaging with an on-line frame rate of more than 30 Hz. Then,
we tried online object detection with the obtained 3D image using a simple detection algorithm. We demonstrated system
has the potential to detect the object even in the scene with some clutters.
This paper presents Bread Board Model (BBM) of coherent homodyne receiver with an optical phase locked loop and a
frequency compensator of Doppler shifts for inter satellite optical communication link. 2.5Gbps BPSK data has been
demodulated with sensitivity of -49.1dBm at bit rate of 1e-6 under initial frequency offset of +/-7 GHz simulated as
Doppler shifts due to variation of distance between each satellite.
For the application to the global CO2 monitoring from the space-borne active sensor have been studied. We have
developed the Laser Absorption Sensor (LAS) system for ground-based CO2 monitoring using the wavelength of 1.6
micron. Furthermore, we have also reported about measurement result with short time fluctuation corresponding to the
concentration of 4 ppm (rms) in 32 s intervals and 1 km path. In this paper, we discuss how to achieve this performance.
The Green-house gas Observation SATellite (GOSAT) was launched to determine the continental CO2 inventories. Its
sensor is based on a passive remote sensing technique developed to achieve less than 1% relative accuracy for
atmospheric CO2 measurements. Meanwhile, a laser remote sensor with the differential absorption spectrometry has been
developed for a candidate of a future space-based mission to observe the atmospheric CO2 or other trace gases. A
prototype of the newly developed active remote sensor has been performed to demonstrate a properly validated
performance for ground-based and airborne systems. This study shows the results of the in-house and field
measurements. The in-house measurement demonstrated the linearity with the correlation coefficient of over 0.99
between the instrumental response and the known CO2 density in the cell. The diurnal variation obtained from our
system is consistent (correlation coefficient of 0.95) with that of multi-positioned in situ sensors, indicates the spatial
responsibility of the atmospheric CO2 obtained from our remote sensor with two ~3-km observation paths.
We have demonstrated the 1.6 micron CW modulation hard-target DIfferential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system
for CO2 sensing. In this system, ON and OFF wavelength laser lights are intensity modulated with CW modulation
signal. Received lights of the two wavelengths from the hard-target are discriminated by modulation frequencies in electrical signal domain. Since the optical circuit is fiber-based, the system is compact, flexible, and reliable. It is shown that stable CO2 concentration measurement corresponding to 4 ppm(rms) can be realized in the measurement time of 32s. This measurement stability is better than those obtained by the conventional CO2 sensing DIAL systems in the same measurement time. And the diurnal change of the measured results is in good agreement with the ones measured by an in-situ CO2 meter.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Signal to noise ratio, Signal detection, Microwave radiation, Carbon dioxide, LIDAR, Signal processing, Absorption, Demodulation, Ranging
A new concept of DIAL (DIfferential Absorption Lidar) system for global CO2 monitoring using microwave
modulation is introduced. This system uses quasi-CW lights which are intensity modulated in microwave region and
receives a backscattered light from the ground. In this system, ON/OFF wavelength laser lights are modulated with
microwave frequencies, and received lights of two wavelengths are able to be discriminated by modulation frequencies
in electrical signal domain. Higher sensitivity optical detection can be realized compared with the conventional
microwave modulation lidar by using direct down conversion of modulation frequency. The system also has the
function of ranging by using pseudo-random coding in modulation. Fiber-based optical circuit using wavelength region
of 1.6 micron is a candidate for the system configuration. After the explanation of this configuration, feasibility study
of this system on the application to global CO2 monitoring is introduced.
A coherent lidar is an attractive sensor for atmospheric observation because it enables the wind velocity measurement in clear air conditions. A 1.5-?m eye-safe coherent lidar is more attractive than a 2-?m eye-safe coherent lidar. The wavelength of 1.5-?m provides a ten times higher maximum permissible exposure for human eyes than the wavelength of 2-?m. In addition, optical fiber components and devices developed for optical fiber communications are easily available. We have already reported first 1.5-?m coherent lidar system for wind velocity measurement, and recently completed the full system. The system has the Er,Yb:Glass pulsed laser with the output energy 10.9-mJ and the telescope with effective aperture of 100-mm. The system provides the available measurement range of 5-km (SNR>+1-dB), the detectable wind velocity range of between -50- m/sec and +50-m/sec and the range resolution of 30-m. The velocity accuracy of 0.14-m/sec (standard deviation) is obtained by measuring velocity of a nonmoving hard target.
KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Doppler effect, Signal processing, LIDAR, Signal detection, Sensing systems, Interference (communication), Telescopes, Switches, Attenuators
In this paper, a new signal processing method named SCCI (Self- Compensated Coherent Integration) which enables a coherent integration over a longer time, compared to a coherence time of a back-scattered signal, is proposed. A back-scattered signal is gated by a constant time gate of which a gate time is set to be shorter than a coherence time. Each gated signal is sampled as a former and a latter part. A gated signal in each part is integrated coherently by FFT. A cross spectrum of two parts is calculated in each time gate. Since a phase of a cross spectrum in each time gate is constant, this process is identified to a self-phase-compensation. A cross spectrum is integrated over all time gates. This process is identified to a coherent integration of a back-scattered signal over a signal length which is longer than a coherence time, since a phase of a cross spectrum in each time gate is constant. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) for SCCI is theoretically higher than that for PDI (Post Detection Integration) in the case of N>16/SNRP2 (N: Gate number, SNRp: SNR of a time gate for PDI) at low SNR. SCCI is superior to PDI in every case at low SNR if a required SNR in a system is up to 6dB and a Doppler frequency of a back-scattered signal is constant in a signal length. Furthermore, if SNRP becomes lower and lower, and a required SNR is higher and higher compared to 6dB, the effect of using SCCI appears more and more distinctly. We confirm the effect experimentally using a 1.5-µm wind sensing lidar system. Keywords: Coherent lidar, Coherent integration, Coherence time, Signal division, Self-compensation, Doppler frequency, Wind sensing, SNR, SCCI, PDI
A coherent Doppler lidar is a useful sensor for wind velocity detection in clear air condition. A stable single frequency and relatively long Q-switched pulse width (~200 nsec order) in eye-safe wavelength range (>1.4 ?m) is required for a composed pulsed laser. For these requirements, we have developed an injection-seeded diode-pumped Q-switched Er,Yb:glass laser which oscillates at 1.54 ?m. The maximum laser output energy of 10.9 mJ and the pulse width of 228 nsec were obtained. A stability of the pulsed laser output frequency was less than +/-1.9 MHz standard deviation from the seeded light frequency.
A diode pumped Nd:YAG rod master-oscillator power-amplifier system that delivers 220 W average power in a near top-hat beam distribution has been developed. The repetition rate is 2.5 kHz (25% duty cycle) and the pulse width is approximately 50 ns. With a two-stage KTP crystal 131 W green average power was obtained at frequency-conversion efficiency as high as 65.2%. The system was continuously operated 100 hours starting with an initial green power of 106 W. As the experiments finished the green power was 97.4 W. The decrease in green power, which was mainly attributed to the gray tracing effect in KTP, was characterized by a slope of 0.07-%/hour. The amplifier heads incorporate new concepts for both the pump cavity and the pump source to cavity transport line. Thereby the results of which were an efficient absorption of the pumped light in the media and homogeneous pumped-beam distribution under various pump-power levels, Nd:YAG active media of different radii and concentration and shifts of the diode wavelength resulted.
High average power (grater than 100 W) with high brightness operation of diode-pumped rod type Nd:YAG laser is investigated. The key technologies to compensate thermal distortions are described and the high brightness operations of normal and Q-switched modes are demonstrated.
Spaceborne Fourier transform spectrometers (FTSs) are one of the most promising sensors for global measurements of the atmosphere and/or the surface because of its potentialities for high spectral resolution and high accuracy. One of the difficulties for realizing a high performance FTS is how to overcome its performance degradation caused by disturbances such as mechanical vibrations and shocks. We have developed a computer-based simulator to evaluate the performance degradation. Influence of vibrations for various kinds of FTSs using different optical elements and different sampling methods are examined by evaluating spectral measurement errors quantitatively. It is shown that spectral measurement errors of FTSs is restrained by using corner cube reflectors and sampling method defined by laser interference.
Since Nd-doped fiber amplifiers could be used as power amplifiers for high data rate optical inter-orbit communications, we have fabricated and studied a square shaped double clad Nd-doped fiber for the 1.06 micrometers amplifier characteristics. The output signal power is not saturated up to 1 watt level using the single frequency broad linewidth signal source. It is, however, saturated at a few hundred milliwatts by a stimulated Brillouin scattering effect using narrow linewidth non-modulated linewidth signal source. The maximum output power of 1.17 Watts is obtained with extraction efficiency of 37 percent from absorbed pump power. The net gain is estimated more than 25dB.
For future spaceborne water vapor DIAL systems, we started a laser design study in 1994. New laser materials such as Cr:LiSAF are very attractive, but at present there are no high power diode lasers for direct pumping those materials. Therefore we determined to develop a high power diode-pumped Nd:YLF laser and Ti:sapphire laser for water vapor DIAL. The output energy of Nd:YLF laser is expected to be 550 mJ at 1053 nm and 400 mJ at 527 nm with a maximum repetition rate of 150 Hz. A Ti:sapphire laser will be pumped by the SHG of the Nd:YLF laser. Tuning of the Ti:sapphire laser to a strong absorption line (ON1), a weak absorption line (ON2) of water vapor and an off line (OFF) is made by an injection seeder which consists of two single longitudinal mode laser diode modules. Two on-line laser diodes are locked to water vapor absorption lines using an absorption cell or a photo-acoustic cell. These three laser lines (ON1, OFF and ON2) are transmitted into the atmosphere with a triple pulse technique for measurements of water vapor profiles from the ground up to 10 km. The laser spectral width of the on line is expected to be 0.5 pm with a stability of 0.05 pm. The output energy of each laser line is to be more than 100 mJ. This laser system will be developed within three years, and then incorporated as an airborne water DIAL.
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