We investigate the impact of the reflection in an RSOA-based WDM PON utilizing the spectrum-sliced ASE source as
the seed light. Since the spectrum-sliced ASE source has sufficiently large bandwidth to suppress the optical beat
interference (OBI) noise, we can achieve the high reflection tolerance in comparison with that in a conventional WDM
PON using the remodulation scheme. In the experiment, we systematically investigate the dependence of the reflection
tolerance on the operating conditions such as the optical power and bandwidth of the spectrum-sliced ASE source
injected into the RSOA. In the case when the injection power into the RSOA is low, the performance of the upstream
signal becomes vulnerable due to the reflection-induced incoherent crosstalk and parasitic laser oscillation. However, we
can improve the reflection tolerance significantly by increasing the optical power and the bandwidth of the spectrumsliced
ASE source. By optimizing these operating conditions, we can achieve an excellent refection tolerance greater
than -15 dB.
We review our recent achievements in the optical performance monitoring techniques such as the optical phasor
monitor and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) monitor developed for differential phase-shift-keyed (DPSK) and
quaternary PSK (DQPSK) signals. The optical phasor monitor is a tool that can measure the in-phase and quadrature
components of the optical field of the phase-modulated signal and display the measured results on the complex plane as a
phasor. We implement such a phasor monitor by using an adjustment-free differential-phase demodulator composed of a
120-degree optical hybrid (which can be realized simply by using a conventional 3x3 optical coupler), and demonstrate
its plug-and-play (i.e., phase-adjustment free and wavelength/polarization-independent) operation experimentally. We
also show that the proposed phasor monitor is well suited for the use in the diagnosis of DPSK/DQPSK. The OSNR
monitoring is another important function to evaluate the signal quality as well as the condition of the transmission link.
We have recently proposed a new technique for monitoring the 'in-band' OSNR of DPSK/DQPSK signals. This
technique estimates the OSNR by analyzing the radio frequency (RF) spectrum obtained by the self-heterodyne detection.
In this paper, we briefly explain its operating principle and show the experimental results. Using this technique, we
could accurately monitor the OSNR of the 10-Gb/s DPSK and 20-Gb/s DQPSK signals in a 640-km long transmission
link. The results also show that the performance of the proposed technique is not sensitive to the effects of chromatic
dispersion and polarization-mode dispersion.
The polarization-scrambling technique could be used not only to suppress the polarization-induced detrimental effects in a long-haul lightwave system, but also to monitor various polarization-related parameters. However, this technique could interact with polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) and polarization-dependent loss, and then cause timing jitters, irregular intensity modulations, and PMD-induced repolarization. This problem could be substantially reduced by using the optimized scrambling frequency of about 10 kHz.
In amplified wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) networks, the performance of a low-frequency (<100 kHz) pilot-tone-based monitoring technique could be deteriorated by the slow dynamic properties of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). We develop a simple model to describe this effect and estimate the maximum size of WDM network that the pilot-tone-based monitoring technique could support. The result shows that 100-kHz pilot tones could be used for the cost-effective monitoring of metro optical networks (32 channels, 320-km transmission).
We review the mode-field matched center-launching technique recently proposed for the
use in the multimode fiber (MMF) transmission systems operating at the speed higher than 10
Gb/s. This technique has been used for the transmission of 100-Gb/s signal (10 × 10 Gb/s)
over 12.2 km of MMF. The performance of this system is surprisingly stable, and not
sensitive to the use of fiber connectors in the MMF links.
We have experimentally investigated the reflection tolerance of upstream signals by comparing Manchester-encoded
downstream signals with NRZ ones in a RSOA-based fiber loop back system for a WDM PON. The results showed that
the reflection tolerance of the upstream signals strongly dependeds on the downstream signal modulation formats, and
that the Manchester format was more tolerant than the NRZ one against the reflection of the upstream signal.
We develop an efficient design method for the bi-directionally pumped distributed Raman amplifier (DRA). Using this method, we have designed a bi-directionally pumped DRA having a small gain ripple (< 1.1 dB) over the bandwidth of 90 nm.
We evaluate the effects of the downstream modulation formats (such as NRZ, inverse RZ, and Manchester) on the performance of the WDM PON implemented by using the reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOA's). The results show that, when we modulate the downstream signals in Manchester format, the performance of the upstream signal becomes insensitive to the operating condition of the RSOA.
The performance of the OSNR monitoring technique based on the improved polarization-nulling method has been thoroughly evaluated in a highly nonlinear transmission link and a re-circulating loop. This was to verify the possibility of using such technique in the field.
We propose and demonstrate a novel four-wave mixing (FWM) compensator made of highly-nonlinear fiber and a pump laser. We experimentally confirm that the proposed technique can suppress the FWM components generated in the transmission fiber by as much as 13.3 dB.
We propose and demonstrate a simple and cost-effective technique to detect and localize the fiber failures in WDM PON. By reusing the downstream lasers as WDM light sources for the optical time-domain reflectometry, the proposed technique can localize the failures in both feeder and drop fibers without using the expensive tunable laser.
Recently, FTTH has finally emerged from the R&D stage and became a commercial reality. For example, in Japan, it has been reported that the total number of FTTH subscribers exceeded 1.5 million in 2004. In US, there have been numerous announcements of FTTH deployments by both operating companies and municipalities. It appears that this trend is rapidly spreading all over the world. At present, most of the FTTH deployments utilize TDM PON (such as GPON and EPON). However, WDM PON is beginning to attract significant attention, as Korea started a large-scale field traial this year. In fact, WDM PON has long been considered as an ultimate solution for the access networks due to its large capacity, easy management, network security, and upgradeability. In this paper, we review the current issues in WDM PON and report the relevant technical progresses achieved at KAIST. The subjects to be covered include low-cost WDM light sources (such as spectrum-sliced incoherent light sources and ASE-injected Fabry-Perot lasers), techniques for the delivery of broadcast services in WDM PON, wavelength-tracking technique for the wavelength-selective devices placed at the un-powered remote node, survivable WDM PON architectures, and fault monitoring and localization techniques.
This paper reviews the current status of various optical monitoring techniques for DWDM networks. The parameters to be monitored include optical frequency, signal power, optical signal-to-noise ratio, and optical path, etc.
We propose and demonstrate a simple decision-threshold tracking technique that can minimize the PMD-induced power penalties. Using this technique, we could reduce the power penalty of RZ signal to 0.2 dB even when the DGD were as large as 40 ps.
We report on the effect of the polarization-dependent loss (PDL) on the polarization-shift-keying (PolSK) transmission system. In a PolSK system, the PDL of the fiber-optic link could generate an inband crosstalk and degrade the signal’s extinction ratio. The result shows that a 3-dB PDL could result in the 1-dB power penalty. However, unlike the effect of PMD, it is not dependent on the transmission speed.
We report on the 320-Gb/s (40 Gb/s x 8 channels) WDM transmission experiment using short-period dispersionmanaged fiber. After 320-km transmission, the average Q-factor was measured to be better than 20.4 dB. In addition, we compared the performances of various types of fibers in 40-Gb/s based systems.
We have analyzed the relative intensity noise (RIN) of the pump lasers transferred to the signal in a Raman amplifier system using polarization-multiplexed pump lasers. The result shows that this RIN transfer could be reduced by 3 dB using the polarization-multiplexed pump lasers instead of single pump laser. In a Raman amplifier system, the pump modulation could be used for line monitoring. We have also analyzed the power penalty caused by the modulated pump laser in such a system.
We propose and demonstrate a simple technique to monitor the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of WDM signals by analyzing the high-frequency receiver noise above the modulation frequency. The results show that the OSNR of WDM signals could be monitored with an accuracy better than 1 dB even after transmission over 640 km of single-mode fiber.
Statistical PMD emulator was proposed and implemented by using two polarization beam splitters and an optical delay line controlled by a microprocessor. The generated PMD had a perfect Maxwellian distribution and very low background auto-correlation (~0%).
We have analytically and numerically evaluated the XPM-induced crosstalk in the conventional single-mode fiber (SMF) network upgraded by using dispersion-compensating fiber (DCF). We assumed that DCF's are used as interstage components in dual-stage optical amplifiers. The result shows that, although XPM-induced intensity interference can be minimized by various dispersion deployment schemes, there exists an interference floor caused by XPM-seeded modulation instability (MI). Symmetrical dispersion compensation is the most promising scheme for upgrading the existing optical network, if the reduction of single-channel transmission penalty is considered together.
We propose and demonstrate a simple and efficient technique to monitor the optical paths in all-optical WDM transport networks using pilot tones. This technique could also monitor the crosstalk increases caused by the partial failures of optical switches in the optical cross-connects. In addition, unlike the other monitoring techniques based on the pilot tones, this technique was insensitive to the cross-gain modulation of EDFA. Thus, the proposed techniques could be used to monitor both the optical paths and switch failures in a large-scale all-optical WDM transport network.
The scalability of multi-purpose fiber-optic access network (MFAN) has been improved significantly by using active components at the remote nodes. Unlike the passive MFAN, this network could now support more than 64 optical network units (ONU's).
A novel method to suppress noise in a high harmonically mode-locked erbium fiber laser with external optical modulator using DFB-laser diodes is presented. The DFB-diode laser played both roles as external-cavity modulator and as stabilizer. The driving frequency is of 2.5 GHz and the wavelength difference between DFB-diode laser emission and fiber laser dominant was adjusted in range of +/- 2 nm. The fiber laser modulation frequencies can be tunable at 2.5; 5 and 10 GHz by the adjusting an external laser diode modulation rounding 2.5 GHz +/- 66 KHz. A fiber laser so stabilized has enabled at 2.5 or 5 GHz remaining error free for more 4 hours with nearly transform-limited pulse width of 25-35 ps.
We propose and demonstrate a fiber-optic feeder network for microcellular CDMA personal communication service. The proposed network is based on a passive double-star architecture. The relaxed CNR and dynamic range requirements of CDMA signals allowed the use of double-star architecture. The proposed network was demonstrated by using various light sources to examine the possibility of using inexpensive components. The result shows that this network could be implemented cost-effectively by using a Fabry-Perot laser for the downlink and LED's for the uplink.
We describe new requirements for a frequency reference in terrestrial line systems using wavelength division multiplexing and optical amplifiers, and evaluate leading atomic or molecular references for suitability.
We report a packaged DFB laser frequency-locked to the Kr 1s2 - 2p8 transition at 1.54782 micrometers using a novel miniature discharge lamp. This lamp generates more than an order of magnitude larger optogalvanic signal for the same input power than conventional indicator lamps of comparable size. The frequency stability of the laser package is better than 2 MHz, and the fiber-to-laser coupling loss (< 2 dB) is very stable against temperature fluctuations and mechanical vibrations.
A commercial GaAlAs injection laser is frequency locked to the Rb (D2) transition. A relative frequency stability of 400 Hz is measured for a 24-s averaging time. The frequency stability of this device with only temperature control is 4 kHz. This is a factor of 20 improvement in the state of the art for temperature control stability for semiconductor lasers.
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