A remarkable self-sustained thermo-optomechanical oscillator has been observed in various optical micro-cavities, which caused by competition among the thermal expansion, the thermo-optic effect, and Kerr effects as we scan the probing laser across a cavity resonance at various tuning rates. Oscillation periods in the thermo-optomechanical oscillator are considered to be related to the heat dissipate rate from the micro-cavity resonator bulk to the environment, and it is possible that the thermo dissipate rate can be measured by detecting oscillation periods. Although a nonlinear relationship between the heat dissipate rate and oscillation periods is exhibited, an artificial neural network is applied to identify the heat dissipate rate. Numerical results demonstrate that the method can be used to measure the heat dissipate rate effectively in the thermo-optomechanical oscillator based on a CaF2 whispering-gallery-mode resonator.
In wireless optical broadband access network (WOBAN), when a new session was established, some links probably
overlapped the existing session, which leaded to congestion. To reduce the blocking probability in the overlapped links, a
routing algorithm named ILCA (Integrated Least Congestion Algorithm) was designed. This algorithm integrated both
multichannel technology at the wireless domain and wavelength division multiplexing at the optical domain, in which
the relative queue length (RQL) in the wireless domain and RB (residual bandwidth) in the optical domain were adopted
to evaluate the congestion. Simulation results showed that ILCA could enhance WOBAN throughput compared with
SMIRA_1 and SPR.
In order to improve the wavelength utilization as well as the fairness of the light trail
networks, we modified the FP MAC from the view point of weight balance by introducing a
weight mode. The weight mode is composed of two factors, real-time factor and node activity
ratio. Moreover, the weight mode is used as a bid by each LT node to compute the priority.
Hence, the priority of the LT node is adjusted dynamically in every round and the MAC
protocol with dynamic priority adjustment is entitled as DPA MAC. Simulation results show
that the performances of DPA MAC protocol are much better than that of FP MAC protocol
in terms of packet loss rate and activity percentile.
We demonstrate a narrow-bandwidth tunable optical filter in the telecommunication wavelength region near 1550 nm
using photorefractive grating. Holographic gratings could be written by plane waves of green light using CW 532nm
laser as recording source. The filter could be tuned by changing the grating spacing by means of changing the incident
angle of the recording beams of grating. Through theoretically consideration, we get a diffractive efficiency up to 80%
and a bandwidth less than 0.1nm. Besides, we propose a holographic recording setup.
A novel scheme entitled as Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease control with the Number of Burst Control Packet (AIMD-NBCP) is proposed. The basic idea of AIMD-NBCP is to count the number of the burst control packet (BCP) at the core node and estimate the average load by which to adjust the burst transmitting rate of the edge node with the
AIMD scheme. Simulation results show that AIMD-NBCP scheme is efficient at keeping the network stable and
enhancing the performance of deflection routing in terms of good-put, burst loss probability as well as fairness index.
A novel adaptive assembly algorithm called Cross-counter Balance Adaptive Assembly Period (CBAAP) is proposed in
this paper. The major difference between CBAAP and other adaptive assembly algorithms is that the threshold of
CBAAP can be dynamically adjusted according to the cross counter and step length value. In terms of assembly period
and the burst loss probability, we compare the performance of CBAAP with those of three typical algorithms FAP (Fixed
Assembly Period), FBL (Fixed Burst Length) and MBMAP (Min-Burst length-Max-Assembly-Period) in the simulation
part. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm.
Survivability of optical burst switching (OBS) network was concerned. Bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD)
protocol which had the ability of fast failure detection was adopted in the failure detection for OBS links and nodes.
Moreover, a BFD-triggered failure detection mechanism combines with Fast Reroute (FRR) is proposed and simulated. Simulation results show that the solution stated above can deal with both link failure and node failure in OBS networks.
The protection scheme is a key issue in survivable wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks. In this
paper, we investigate the problem of multicast requests in survivable networks against any single-link failure and
propose a novel scheme called segment protection with segment route (SPSR). Through dynamically adjusting link-cost
according to the current network state, SPSR establishes a primary light-tree and corresponding link-disjoint backup
segments for each multicast connection request. An analytical model was proposed for blocking probability analysis and
adaptive routing algorithm to solve the potential shortcomings in the real network. We make the use of the idea of
segmented routes according to the branch nodes. We then combine the each segment to get the whole blocking
probability. Simulation results show that with the consideration of load balancing SPSR exhibits better blocking
probability and resource utilization performance relative to other schemes.
A wavelength scheduling algorithm with limited-range wavelength conversion in OBS network is presented in this
paper. Two wavelength conversion policies, First-Fit (FF) and Nearest Wavelength First (NWF) are adopted respectively
in this scheduling algorithm. Numerical results show that the FF and NWF perform nearly identical in the scenarios of
sparse wavelengths with small conversion range and large wavelengths with small conversion range. The FF outperforms
NWF when the wavelength number is large and the conversion range is wide. However, consider the fact that output
power strongly deteriorates as a function of the distance between the ingoing and outgoing wavelengths, the NWF policy
should be adopted in the practical OBS networks.
Routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) is one of the key issues in the wavelength-routed optical networks.
Although some RWA algorithms have been well performed to meet the need of certain networks requirement, they
usually neglect the performance of the whole networks, especially the load balancing of the whole networks. This is
quite likely to lead to some links bearing excessive ligthpaths and traffic load, while other links being at an idle state. In
this paper, the load distribution vector ( LDV ) is introduced to describe the links load of the networks firstly. Then by
means of minimizing the LDV of the networks, the load balancing of the whole networks is tried to improve. Based on
this, a heuristic load balancing (HLB) strategy is presented. Moreover, a novel RWA algorithm adopting the heuristic
load balancing strategy is developed, as well as two other RWA algorithms adopting other load balancing strategies. At
last, the simulations of the three RWA algorithms with different load balancing strategies are done for comparison on the
basis of both the regular topology and the irregular topology networks. The simulation results show that the key
performance parameters such as the average variance of links, the maximum link load and the number of established
lightpath are improved by means of our novel RWA algorithm with the heuristic load balancing strategy.
This paper studies the load balancing strategies in wavelength-routed optical network and a novel load
balancing strategy is proposed. The objective of the proposed strategy not only reduces the congestion, but
also improves the load distribution state. In addition, the proposed strategy also supports different Classes of
Service (CoS). To describe the load distribution state, a variable named the load distribution variance (LDV)
is introduced. By reducing the LDV, both congestion and load distribution state will be optimized. Moreover,
by dividing the wavelength sets into several separate subsets according to the priorities of connection
requests, the strategy can also support different classes of service. Finally, in the network simulation part, the
shortest path algorithm with and without adopting the proposed strategy are compared and the numerical
results show both the congestion and load distribution state improve by adopting the novel load balancing
strategy we reported in this paper.
It is important to analyse blocking probability in the WDM networks. In this paper, we present an analytical model
for supporting multi-class service with the blocking probability analysis and adaptive routing algorithm to solve the
potential shortcomings in the real network. We make the use of the idea of segmented routes according to the finite
wavelength conversion resources. We then combine the each segment to get the whole blocking probability. The results
show that, by adopting the adaptive routing algorithms, the network can calculate the blocking probability for all the
candidate routes, and the request which takes the highest priority will choose the minimum blocking probability route.
There are two features in our paper. First, a method of segmented route is designed. Second, use k-shortest routing
algorithm to get the minimum blocking probability routing between source node and destination node.
In order to reducing the blocking probability, many routing and wavelength assignment algorithms are introduced to this problem. It is crucial for the optical networks to utilize the network resources properly. In this paper, a novel adaptive algorithm is presented for routing in WDM networks. The objective of the algorithm is not only considering the distance vector as the routing cost, but also adopting the load balancing strategy. The simulations for the NSFNET show that the blocking probability and the degree of load balance are both improved with our algorithm compared with some formers.
For the purpose of reducing the optical networks blocking probability, many wavelength assignment algorithms are
introduced to this problem. In this paper, we propose a novel priority-based wavelength assignment algorithm for
dynamic traffic in WDM networks. The objective of the algorithm is not only taking the balancing strategy, but also
adopting the priority-controlled method. Analytic models and simulations are presented for the proposed wavelength
assignment algorithm. By the simulation, we compare the performance of our algorithm with the others under different
traffic load and different priority-class. Our algorithm yields better blocking probability performance for different
priority requests and the simulation results are also discussed.
Photonic crystals have been widely studied in the fields of physics, material science and optical information technology.
In general, the standard rectangular FDTD method is used to predict the performances of photonic crystals even if it is
very time consuming and inefficient for the structures with non-orthogonal structures or inhomogeneous media. The
current authors developed a software called GCFE, which is based on non-orthogonal FDTD method .The upgraded
version of GCFE software can be used to calculate the photonic band structures, states density, transmission and
reflection coefficients of one dimensional to three dimensional photonic crystals. It has the characteristic of efficient
calculation and simple manipulation. In the present paper, the system structure of GCFE software is presented and the
implementation of the algorithm module and the result display module are described in detail. Finally the band
structures, transmission and reflection coefficients and photonic states density for the photonic crystal fibers with cube
structures are calculated by our GCFE software and the numerical application results are also shown and discussed.
Experimental results are reported on temporal instability of phase conjugate beam in a self-pumped Ce: BaTiO3 phase conjugator at 532nm. The transition from stable output to unstable one is studied for various input powers, beam diameters and incident angles. Novel results that the phase conjugate output will be unsteady when control parameter PS is within a range of 2220~3897 mW/cm2 are presented. A qualitative analysis to temporal instability that instability behaviors result from competitions among the backscattering centers is given.
This paper studies the wavelength assignment algorithm in WDM networks. On the basis of discussing the difference between two typical wavelength allocation policies (Complete Sharing policy and Complete Partitioning policy), the dynamic threshold is introduced to solve the restrictions of the Complete Partitioning policy. Then a novel wavelength assignment algorithm based on the dynamic threshold is proposed. Besides, the constraints of dividing the wavelength set into separate subsets are given as well as a series of dynamic threshold values. In the network simulation, the NSF net is chosen as the network model. Two kinds of wavelength assignment algorithms with and without adopting the dynamic threshold are compared. The numerical results show that both the blocking probability and fairness improve by adopting the dynamic threshold.
The complete partitioning policy (CP) for the wavelength resource in optical networks is now widely focused on. The
dynamic threshold is one of the ways to make CP policy more efficient. Furthermore, an optimized threshold will be
better for reducing the blocking probability and improving the utilization of the wavelength resource. Hence, the genetic
algorithm is selected as the optimal policy on virtue of its excellent global search performance for getting optimized
value of the dynamic threshold. Moreover, a maximal threshold as the high limit for the dynamic threshold is needed to
be decided for making wavelengths shared between different wavelength classes, because the class with higher priority
can share its wavelengths with the lower one after its own call setups are satisfied. Therefore, a neural network predictor
that can predict the number of the next call setup is designed on the basis of the genetic algorithm to solve this problem.
The values of the dynamic threshold and the maximal threshold are calculated, and the simulation results show that they
take good effect in reducing the blocking probability and improving the utilization of the wavelength resource.
Optical switch is one of key supporting technologies in all-optical-network (AON). And electrostatic MOEMS (Micro-Optical-Electro-Mechanical Systems) switch plays a very important role in all the researched switches, because of their excellent features, including low insertion, low crosstalk and scalability. But the packaging technology has been limiting the development of optical switch. In this paper, the authors study the laser beam propagating during the free space and select collimator, design the pedestal to packaging and address aspects of the insertion loss that are most important loss mechanisms for the 2D cross-connect switch.
In this paper, the authors report their resent results of the study on the epoxy resin compound X-ray refractive lens. At the first, the theoretical results of the structure parameters for such a device are given. Then, the fabrication technologies are presented. They are deep soft X-ray lithography, mold-manufacturing and molding. The material of X-ray photoresist is PMMA, the mold is made of silicone rubber, and the material of the lens is epoxy resin. Some measured results by means of optical microscope and SEM are also shown. The structure height of the epoxy resin compound lens is measured to be 500 micrometers.
We design a kind of dual-cladding photonic crystal fiber (DC-PCF), in which air holes arranged in the vicinity of the core (inner-cladding) is smaller than the other air holes (outer-cladding). By numerical simulation, the dispersion characteristic of this novel PCF is investigated. Dispersion curves will become comparatively flat while gradually reducing the air holes arranged in inner cladding under fixing the air holes of outer cladding. An ultra-flattened dispersion can be realized when the air holes size of inner-cladding dwindling down to an optimum size. As an example, the DC-PCF demonstrates an extraordinary flattened dispersion around 9.8ps/nm.km within ±0.4ps/nm/km fluctuation range in an ultra-broad wavelength range from 1.0μm to 2.0μm . Furthermore, when the air holes arranged in the second layer nearing the core is reduced slightly, the flattened dispersion curve even can parallel shift from 11.8ps/nm/km to 7.8ps/nm/km, 6.2ps/nm/km, 4.0ps/nm/km at the wavelength around 1.55μm.
By numerical simulation, we show that the fourth-order dispersion (FOD) makes sub-picosecond optical pulse broaden as second-order dispersion (SOD), makes optical pulse oscillate simultaneously as third-order dispersion (TOD). Based on above two reasons, sub-picosecond optical pulse will be widely broaden and lead to emission of continuum radiation during propagation. Here, resemble to two- and third-order dispersion compensation, fourth-order dispersion compensation is also suggested in a dispersion-managed optical fiber link, which is realized by arranging two kinds of fiber with opposite dispersion sign in each compensation cell. For sake of avoiding excessively broadening, ultra short scale dispersion compensation cell is required in ultra high speed optical communication system. In a full dispersion compensation optical fiber system which path average dispersion is zero about SOD, TOD, and FOD, even suffering from affection of high order nonlinear like self-steep effect and self-frequency shift, 200 fs gauss optical pulse can stable propagate over 1000 km with an optimal initial chirp. When space between neighboring optical pulse is only 2 picoseconds corresponding to 500 Gbit/s transmitting capacity, eye diagram is very clarity after 1000 km. The results demonstrate that ultra short scale dispersion compensation including FOD is need and effective in ultra-high speed optical communication.
Air-guiding photonic bandgag (PBG) fibers are new kind fibers which are quite different from conventional correspondence ones. In this paper, we studied the light transmission properties and light wave modes of hexagonal air-guiding PBG fibers. The fiber core is 10μm diameter air hole, surrounded by a cladding of 71.5μm diameter. The outer-cladding of the fiber is about 185μm. The experimental results show that when the wavelength ranges from 1430 to 1600 nm, there is merely no attenuation. It means that in these new fibers, light wavelength ranges widely. In addition, light wave mode and fiber core are the same in symmetrical structure. The theoretical results coincide with experimental results exactly.
A model of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with tapered high-index core by GeO2 doped in silica glasses is supposed. Based on finite different approximation of the semi-vector helm-holtz equation, the character of dispersion and modal field areas about this kind of PCF are investigated. Results demonstrate that dispersion parameter can change gradually in positive dispersion region or negative dispersion region, even can change from positive to negative dispersion region when the air hole and pitch are fixed, only the core radius of the PCF is tapered. The kind of PCF is designed for special dispersion-related applications. Especially, it can offer dispersion self-compensation in some optical devices.
A novel design method about photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with large area model field (LAMF) is demonstrated. Different from ordinarily design that the core of PCF formed by missing one air holes in the center of section, many air holes distributed in heartland all together come into being the core region. Air holes are arranged regularly in core region and outer cladding regions according to different periodical character, respectively. The effective refractive index (n eff ) of core region should be higher than cladding region because of total internal reflection (TIR) requirement. In this paper, two kinds of typical scheme are offered to realize LAMF-PCF. First, Λ, the spacing of neighboring air holes in whole section is fixed, once the radius of air holes in the core region rc is smaller than the cladding air holes rcla, LAMF-PCF will be formed. The modal area only lessens a little as rc is reduced. Especially, optimal size of rc can nearly make MFA insensitive to wavelength. On the contrary, dispersion parameter of PCF will take place visible change along with rc reduced, and ultra-flattened dispersion character can be realized when rc is optimized. Another method of designing LAMF-PCF is keeping all air holes uniform in the whole section of PCF, but the space of neighboring air holes in the core region Λc is longer than the cladding region Λcla, so neff of core region is higher than the cladding region and TIR can take place.
A theoretical method for evaluating the three-dimensional focusing performances of the compound x-rays lenses is presented in the present paper. The relationship between the transverse and axial focusing behaviors is considered and a simple calculation that predicts the transverse and axial focusing behaviors of the compound x-ray lenses is also presented. As an example, the three-dimensional focusing performance of a compound x-ray lens with Al material is predicted. The dependences of the three-dimensional focusing performances on the compound lenses’ structural parameters are observed for the Al compound x-ray lens. Moreover, the approximate tolerances in the setting of the receiving planes are also considered for x-rays of 4.95keV, 14.99keV and 29.78keV.
Photonic crystals have been widely studied in the fields of physics, material science and optical information technology. In general, the standard rectangular finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is used to predict the performances of photonic crystals. It is however very time consuming and inefficient. The current authors developed a software called GCFE, which is based on a non-orthogonal FDTD method. The software can be used to predict the photonic band structures, photonic states density and transmission and/or reflection coefficients for one-dimensional to three-dimensional photonic crystals. In the present paper, the derivations of the discrete Maxwell’s equations in time-domain and space-domain and the derivation of the discrete transfer matrix in real-space domain are briefly described firstly. In addition, the design idea and the functions of GCFE version 2.0.00 are introduced. Moreover, the band structures, transmission and reflection coefficients and photonic states density for the photonic crystal with cube lattice are calculated by our GCFE software, and numerical application results are also shown.
A theoretical method of focusing X-rays by the compound X-ray refractive lens is presented in this paper. The authors report their resent theoretical results including the material selection and structure parameters for such a device. As an example, a compound X-ray refractive lens with PMMA material is designed. The detailed fabrication process of the PMMA compound lens by LIGA technology is described. Moreover, some measured results by means of SEM are also shown. The structure height of one of the PMMA compound lens is measured to be 500μm.
We study insertion losses of optical switch when the laser beam is propagating during the free space between two single mode fibers (SMFs) and the related assemblage challenges; Then a new packaging structure is developed for the hybrid-integration of free-space MOEMS (micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems) chip with a silicon micromachined submount to improve alignment accuracy. The submount is designed to accommodate various free-space MOEMS chips with minimal active optical alignment, thus reducing the packaging cost. The silicon submount has a central recess to place the MOEMS chip in, sixteen V-grooves for optical fibers, and micropits for micro ball lenses, all bulk micromachined at the same time by a single anisotropic wet etching step. A corner compensation technique is employed to prevent erosion of the convex corners, where different geometries meet. Through this assembling method, the fiber, micro ball lens can be aligned preciously thus reduced lateral and angular misalignment between them. Then total insertion losses can be decreased.
In the present paper, a mask structure called adhering mask for excimer laser ablation is introduced. This mask is fabricated directly on the etched material, so it needn't a supporting chip and it thus has high transmission. Its absorber is made of gold and is fabricated by UV LIGA technology. Therefore the mask has more accurate structure and more smooth edges. This mask can fulfill the direct etching of the polymers by using a simpler optical system and can be a method of the mass production to some extent. The other mask is developed for X-ray lithography. It is made by UV LIGA process too. It consists of the substrate, the absorber and the supporter. The substrate is made of PI and the absorber is prepared by gold. The structure, fabrication process and experiment results of this mask are given.
In the present paper, the authors report their research on fabricating the three-dimensional microstructures on polymers by using the technology of excimer laser direct etching. A kind of mask structure called adhering mask, which can be used to fulfill the direct etching of polymers by a simpler optical system, is introduced. In addition, its fabrication process and optical system of the direct etching are also given in this paper. Finally the three-dimensional microstructures we fabricate by the technology are shown.
This paper describes the detailed information about how to design the strain diaphragm used in the microbend fiber- optic pressure sensor. The parameters of the diaphragms and the good tested results are also shown.
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