Diode pumped alkali metal vapor lasers (DPALs) offer the promise of scalability to very high average power levels while maintaining excellent beam quality, making them an attractive candidate for future defense applications. A variety of gain media are used and each requires a different pump wavelength: near 852nm for cesium, 780nm for rubidium, 766nm for potassium, and 670nm for lithium atoms. The biggest challenge in pumping these materials efficiently is the narrow gain media absorption band of approximately 0.01nm. Typical high power diode lasers achieve spectral widths around 3nm (FWHM) in the near infrared spectrum. With state of the art locking techniques, either internal to the cavity or externally mounted gratings, the spectral width can typically be reduced to 0.5nm to 1nm for kW-class, high power stacks. More narrow spectral width has been achieved at lower power levels. The diode’s inherent wavelength drift over operating temperature and output power is largely, but not completely, eliminated. However, standard locking techniques cannot achieve the required accuracy on the location of the spectral output or the spectral width for efficient DPAL pumping. Actively cooled diode laser stacks with continuous wave output power of up to 100W per 10mm bar at 780nm optimized for rubidium pumping will be presented. Custom designed external volume holographic gratings (VHGs) in conjunction with optimized chip material are used to narrow and stabilize the optical spectrum. Temperature tuning on a per-bar-level is used to overlap up to fifteen individual bar spectra into one narrow peak. At the same time, this tuning capability can be used to adjust the pump wavelength to match the absorption band of the active medium. A spectral width of <0.1nm for the entire stack is achieved at <1kW optical output power. Tuning of the peak wavelength is demonstrated for up to 0.15nm. The technology can easily be adapted to other diode laser wavelengths to pump different materials.
We report on a high-power diode laser pump source for diode-pumped alkali lasers (DPAL), specifically rubidium alkali
vapor lasers at 780nm, delivering up to 100W/bar with FWHM spectral line width of 0.06nm (~30GHz). This pump is
based on a micro-channel water-cooled stack with collimation in both-axes. Wavelength-locking of the output spectrum
allows absorption in one of the very narrow resonance lines of the atomic rubidium alkali vapor. To achieve these
results, research was conducted to deliver the highest performance on all key components of the product from the diode
laser bar which produces the optical power at 780nm to the external Bragg gratings which narrow the spectrum line
width. We highlight the advancements in the epitaxy, device design, beam collimation, grating selection, alignment,
tunability and thermal control that enable realization of this novel pump-source for DPALs. Design trade-offs will be
presented.
This paper reports on the latest advancements in vertical high-power diode laser stacks using micro-channel coolers,
which deliver the most compact footprint, power scalability and highest power/bar of any diode laser package. We
present electro-optical (E-O) data on water-cooled stacks with wavelengths ranging from 7xx nm to 9xx nm and power
levels of up to 5.8kW, delivered @ 200W/bar, CW mode, and a
power-conversion efficiency of >60%, with both-axis
collimation on a bar-to-bar pitch of 1.78mm. Also, presented is E-O data on a compact, conductively cooled, hardsoldered,
stack package based on conventional CuW and AlN materials, with
bar-to-bar pitch of 1.8mm, delivering
average power/bar >15W operating up to 25% duty cycle, 10ms pulses @ 45C. The water-cooled stacks can be used as
pump-sources for diode-pumped alkali lasers (DPALs) or for more traditional diode-pumped solid-state lasers (DPSSL).
which are power/brightness scaled for directed energy weapons applications and the conductively-cooled stacks as
illuminators.
The Beam Parameter Product (BPP) of a passive, lossless system is a constant and cannot be improved upon but the
beams may be reshaped for enhanced coupling performance. The function of the optical designer of fiber coupled diode
lasers is to preserve the brightness of the diode sources while maximizing the coupling efficiency. In coupling diode
laser power into fiber output, the symmetrical geometry of the fiber core makes it highly desirable to have symmetrical
BPPs at the fiber input surface, but this is not always practical. It is therefore desirable to be able to know the 'diagonal'
(fiber) BPP, using the BPPs of the fast and slow axes, before detailed design and simulation processes. A commonly
used expression for this purpose, i.e. the square root of the sum of the squares of the BPPs in the fast and slow axes, has
been found to consistently under-predict the fiber BPP (i.e. better beam quality is predicted than is actually achievable in
practice). In this paper, using a simplified model, we provide the proof of the proper calculation of the diagonal (i.e. the
fiber) BPP using BPPs of the fast and slow axes as input. Using the same simplified model, we also offer the proof that
the fiber BPP can be shown to have a minimum (optimal) value for given diode BPPs and this optimized condition can
be obtained before any detailed design and simulation are carried out. Measured and simulated data confirms satisfactory
correlation between the BPPs of the diode and the predicted fiber BPP.
This paper describes an innovative, high throughput manufacturing test system for testing high power laser-diode stacks. These stacks are based on a single high power bar building block, which can be stacked either vertically or horizontally to deliver extremely high output power (>3kW) from a compact package which can range from a single bar to over 25 bars in one package. Testing these various form-factors presents many challenges in high-volume manufacturing e.g.
repeated changes of tooling and set-up to accommodate mixture of configurations. The automated test system described in this paper can accommodate any configuration of multi-bar stacks to test critical optical characteristics (LIV, Optical Spectrum Characteristics, Optical Power, Optical Divergence, water flow rate, water pressure etc.). Key to the automated station is a custom designed integrating sphere and universal stack holder with automated water flow
configuration. The automated test system significantly improves the throughput by decreasing the test time by 50% (compared to manual testing). Individual bars comprising stack have different spectrum and the custom designed integrating sphere enables accurate spectrum analysis (centroid wavelength, FWHM) of the combined spectrum, as well as accurate power measurement.
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