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This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 6581, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and the Conference Committee listing.
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We study the scaling of negative magnetic response of the SRR from microwave to upper THz frequencies. We
show, that the linear scaling breaks down for SRR sizes below the order of 1&mgr;m. This breakdown is due to the
contribution of the finite electron mass to the inductance of the effective LC oscillator. While at microwave
frequencies metals can be treated as near-perfect conductors, close to optical frequencies they rather constitute
lossy negative dielectrics. We also study the scaling of the losses in SRR as well as the higher order excitations
or plasmon modes and their magnetic response. We discuss the non-resonant diamagnetic response of the
SRR and the corresponding corrections to the shape of the frequency dependent effective permeability of the
metamaterial. We discuss the connection of recently suggested alternative negative index metamaterial designs
in a unified picture.
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In electrical engineering metamaterials have been developed that offer unprecedented control over electromagnetic fields. Here we show that general relativity lends the theoretical tools for designing devices made of such versatile materials. We consider media that facilitate space-time transformations and include negative refraction. Our theory unifies the concepts operating behind the scenes of perfect invisibility devices, perfect lenses, the optical Aharonov-Bohm effect and electromagnetic analogs of the event horizon, and may lead to further applications.
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A strategy for achieving negative phase velocity (NPV) in a homogenized composite material (HCM) involves
constituent material phases that do not support NPV propagation. The HCM and its constituent phases are
isotropic dielectric-magnetic materials. The real parts of their permittivities are negative-valued whereas the real
parts of their permeabilities are positive-valued (or vice versa). The constituent material phases are randomly
distributed as spherical particles. The Bruggeman homogenization formalism indicates that the HCM can support
NPV propagation, the extended Bruggeman homogenization formalism suggests that increasing the dimensions
of the constituent particles diminishes the scope for NPV propagation in the HCM, and the strong-permittivity-
fluctuation theory further shows that the propensity of the HCM to support NPV propagation is sensitive to the
distributional statistics of the constituent material particles and diminishes as the correlation length increases.
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We show that metamaterial constituted from periodic array of identical noble-metal binary nanoparticles embedded into
dielectric host matrix can exhibit left-handed properties in optical frequency domain. In contrast to recent suggestions to
use, for example, double periodic lattice of metal nanowires or lattice of nanoparticle loops (or necklaces) binarynanoparticle
material utilizes lowest plasmonic eigenmodes (dipole and quadropole) providing necessary electric and
magnetic responses in the system of binary particles. This makes possible to extend negative refraction region due to
increasing of the corresponding resonances quality-factors in comparison to high multipole modes excited in nanoparticle
necklaces. Using the well-known optical constants for noble metals we calculate the optical response of binary-particle
metamaterials for silver, gold and copper in the wavelength range 350-1200nm. We find that silver is the most suitable
material for the particles which provides left-handed properties of metamaterial for approximately 400-1100nm
wavelengths (at different values of permittivity of the host) whereas the gold particles can lead to the negative refraction
only in more narrow range 750-1100nm because of the greater losses in the particles. Copper nanoparticle array seems to
be unable to produce left-handed metamaterial at all.
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Maxwell's equations describe the classical electromagnetic properties of all systems, including metamaterials, which are
periodic and highly inhomogeneous. In studies of metamaterials, however, one typically further assumes that their low-frequency
properties are described by Maxwell's equations in an equivalent homogenous medium. Hence, tremendous
recent efforts have focused on discovering structures with unusual properties in electrical permittivity and magnetic
permeability tensors. Here we offer an alternative viewpoint, by designing three-dimensional metamaterials, which
may be best described by effective uniform media that is non-Maxwellian. In the low-frequency limit, these
metamaterials support multi-component effective fields, with the numbers of field-components designable by geometry.
Our work indicates that the physics of metamaterials is far richer than previously anticipated. In particular, new effective
low-energy theory with high symmetry can emerge from topological complexity alone.
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Negative phase velocity materials are engineered media that are currently enjoying a surge of interest due to their
interesting properties and potential applications, through negative refraction, to achieve cloaking that makes things
invisible. The literature is alive with papers devoted to the design of suitable metamaterials and there is a particular
desire to operate at THz frequencies and above. A full theory of gain control up to the THz frequency range is presented
together with a comprehensive study of diffraction-managed solitons. There are aspects of control that can be achieved
through externally imposed influences such as gyroelectromagnetic effects. Nonlinear behaviour is also intrinsic to the
Holy Grail quest for complete control, coupled to the possibility of beneficial competition between damping and gain.
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Metamaterials offer exotic electromagnetic possibilities, beyond those usually associated with conventional materials.
Two general phenomenons associated with metamaterials have attracted much recent attention: negative-
phase-velocity (NPV) propagation, and cloaking and invisibility. Relatively simple materials may (i) support
NPV propagation, and (ii) offer concealment to a substantial degree, by means of translation at constant velocity.
By virtue of the Minkowski constitutive relations, planewave propagation in a homogeneous, instantaneously
responding, dielectric-magnetic material that is isotropic in the co-moving reference frame, can be classified as
positive-, negative-, and orthogonal-phase-velocity (PPV, NPV, and OPV) propagation in a non-co-moving
reference frame, depending upon the magnitude and direction of that reference frame's velocity relative to the
material. The perceived lateral position of a transmitted beam, upon propagating at an oblique angle through a
slab of homogeneous, instantaneously responding, isotropic, dielectric material, can be controlled via the velocity
of the slab. Therefore, by appropriate choice of the slab's velocity, the transmitted beam can emerge from the
slab with no lateral shift in position, and a substantial degree of concealment may be achieved.
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The study of theoretical optical metamaterials provides no detail insight of the atomic and molecular
level of bulk matter with respect to negative n. Instead, most theoretical research starts from a
different point of departure; an elemental metallic artificial structure that exhibits R, L and C and thus
resonance. Manipulating the size and the periodicity of such elements in a larger structure, the phase
relationship of a propagating electromagnetic wave through it and for a specific range of frequencies
causes the phase to move in opposite direction of the Pointing vector. This phenomenon,
demonstrated for microwave but not for optical frequencies yet, has certain interesting properties
among them negative permeability and negative dielectric constant. In this paper, in contrast to this
approach, our point of departure is on the atomic level of matter based on which we express the
negative dielectric constant &egr;(&ohgr;) in terms of frequency detuning and also in terms of atomic density
and we derive the detuning conditions for &egr;(&ohgr;)<0. We believe that these conditions provide a useful
guide towards the design of optical metamaterials.
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Diffusion of hydrogen in metal-doped glasses leads to the reduction of metals and to the growth of metallic nanoparticles
in the glass body that allows the formation of metamaterials. The nanoparticles grow due to the supersaturation of the
glass matrix by neutral metals, whose solubility in glasses is low compared to initial concentration of metal ions. In some
cases, these metallic nanoparticles are self-arranging to quasi-periodic layered structure. A theoretical analysis of the
reactive hydrogen diffusion accompanied by the interdiffusion of protons, metallic ions and neutral metals allowed us to
study the temporal evolution of the average size of the metallic nanoparticles and their spatial distribution. The
developed model of the formation of metallic nanoparticles defines range of parameters providing the formation of
layered structures of metallic inclusions in silver and copper doped glasses. The layered structure arises at relatively low
supersaturation of the diffusion zone by a neutral metal as the result of the competition of the enrichment of the glass by
neutral metal atoms via reducing of metal ions by diffusing hydrogen and the depletion of the glass by the metal atoms
caused by their diffusion to the nanoparticles. The results of numerical calculations are compared with the data of optical
spectroscopy of the glass-metal metamaterials containing silver and copper nanoparticles.
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We present here an algorithm to evaluate the field in the near zone produced by a finite-size electromagnetic source in
a periodic structure, referred to as the array scanning method
(ASM) - FDTD method. Using a frequency-dependent
silver permittivity model, obtained from measurement at optical and infrared frequencies, we implemented the
corresponding modeling equations in the ASM-FDTD algorithm using the Z-transform technique. The developed
algorithm is applied to the study of the enhanced radiation of a magnetic line source in a corrugated silver film, and the
results indicate that the enhancement is due to the excitation of a leaky mode. We also show that other waves may be
excited by the source depending on its location, and how this affects the radiation pattern.
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A tunable MEMS sub-wavelength surface plasmonic apparatus is proposed based on localized surface-plasmon resonance effects. Optical tunneling is obtained through Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPP) and Localized Surface Plasmon (LSP) by using a periodic sub-wavelength narrow-grooved metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) composite structure. Only p-polarized light can excite the SPP and LSP resonantly. The excited LSP mode with a strong field enhancement at the incident side grooves, resonantly excites the LSP mode on the other side of the thin structure. Then, with matched radiative modes, photons are radiated and tunneled. Nano/micro electromechanical actuation of small elastic deformations makes it possible to dynamically tune the localized surface plasmons via shape changes. Numerical simulations based on the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method are carried out on sub-wavelength structures and the results discussed. The MDM concept provides a new method to achieve real-time, dynamic tunable control and manipulation of light transmission and reflection via LSP which is different from novel tunable SPP apparatus where refractive index modulation is obtained using a voltage-controlled liquid crystal or tunable spaced air-gapped micro-prisms based on a convential SPP arrangement. This is important for the manipulation of LSP and plasmonic device design applications. Furthermore, a proposed Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) sensor mechanism with MDM-LSPR are demonstrated with numerical results. We believe that the MDM-LSPR is a novel principle for LSPR sensors in dielectric sensing for chemical or biologic applications which compares to current LSPR sensors with nano-particle LSPR and nanosphere lithography (NSL).
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A novel phase-space method is employed for the construction of analytical stationary solitary waves located at the
interface between a periodic nonlinear lattice of the Kronig-Penney type and a linear (or nonlinear) homogeneous
medium. The method provides physical insight and understanding of the shape of the solitary wave profile and
results to generic classes of localized solutions having a zero background or nonzero semi-infinite background. For
all cases, the method provides conditions for the values of the propagation constant of the stationary solutions and
the linear refractive index in each part in order to assure existence of solutions with specific profile characteristics.
The evolution of the analytical solutions under propagation is investigated for cases of realistic configurations
and interesting features are presented while their remarkable robustness is shown to facilitate their experimental
observation.
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The paper is concerned with the propagation characteristics of TE surface waves in a planer wave-guide structure of
a lateral antiferromagnetic -non magnetic superlattices (LANS)film bounded by a nonlinear dielectric cover and a
left handed substrate (LHM). In (LHM) substrate both permittivity and magnetic permeability are negative in
definite frequency range. We study nonlinear dispersion properties of the TE surface waves and illustrate power
flow variation with the wave index when both permittivity and magnetic permeability are negative. We found that
surface waves are backward traveling and the wave power variation with the wave index shows bistability behavior.
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In this work we report on structures operating as actively tunable filters or modulators for the terahertz spectral
range. These devices can be described as one-dimensional photonic crystals with defects and are composed
of quartz, MgO and GaAs thin platelets; the optically transparent materials (quartz and MgO) are used as
Bragg mirrors forming a resonator and GaAs is placed inside this resonator. The tunability is achieved by
photoexcitation of free carriers within the GaAs layer by an ultrashort laser pulse. The optical control of
such devices features a very fast (sub-nanosecond) response which is attractive e.g. for future applications in
telecommunications.
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Tunable electromagnetic metamaterials can be designed through the incorporation of semiconducting materials.
We present theory, simulation, and experimental results of metamaterials operating at terahertz frequencies.
Specific emphasis is placed on the demonstration of external control of planar arrays of metamaterials patterned
on semiconducting substrates with terahertz time domain spectroscopy used to characterize device performance.
Dynamical control is achieved via photoexcitation of free carriers in the substrate. Active control is achieved by
creating a Schottkey diode, which enables modulation of THz Transmission by 50 percent, an order of magnitude
improvement over existing devices. Because of the universality of metamaterial response over many decades of
frequency, these results have implications for other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and will undoubtedly
play a key role in future demonstrations of novel high-performance devices.
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In this paper, we show how metamaterials can be used either to enhance the coupling values or to reduce the crosstalk
between the strips of coupled microstriplines. Coupling between regular coplanar microstriplines, in fact, is limited, due
to the small ratios between the characteristic impedances of even and odd TEM modes supported by the structure. The
broadside configuration or the employment of an overlay are often utilized to overcome this limitation, leading,
however, to more bulky components. On the other hand the coupling/crosstalk can be undesiderable in printed circuits.
The employment of metamaterials with a negative real part of the permittivity is able to increase or decrease the
coupling values, while keeping the profile of the structure very low. A quasi-static model of the structure is developed
and physical insights on the operation of the proposed components and the role of the metamaterial loading are also
given. Finally numerical results are shown for two proposed layouts.
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Dielectric substrates supporting planar periodic subwavelength metamaterial-based metallic arrays and presenting
frequency dispersive phase characteristics are applied to ultra-compact high-gain and high-directivity planar antennas. In
this paper, different models of metamaterial-based surfaces introducing a zero degree reflection phase shift to incident
waves are firstly studied numerically using finite-element method analysis where the bandwidth and operation frequency
are predicted. These surfaces are then applied in a resonant Fabry-Perot type cavity and a ray optics analysis is used to
design different models of ultra-compact high-gain microstrip printed antennas. Firstly, a cavity antenna of thickness
&lgr;/60 based on the use of a microstrip patch antenna and two bidimensional metamaterial-based surfaces, the first one
acting as a High Impedance Surface (HIS) and the second one acting as a Partially Reflecting Surface (PRS) is designed.
This cavity is then optimized for easier fabrication process and loss reduction by the use of only one bidimensionnal
composite metamaterial-based surface acting as a PRS. Secondly, another surface presenting a variable phase by the use
of a non periodic metamaterial-based metallic strips array is designed for a passive low-profile steering beam antenna
application. Finally, a switchable operation frequency cavity by the implementation of varicap diodes is designed and
fabricated. All these cavity antennas operate on subwavelength modes, the smallest cavity thickness being of the order of &lgr;/60.
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Magnetooptical effects in the metal/dielectric heterostructure, consisting of a thin metallic layer with the array of
parallel subwavelength slits and a uniform dielectric layer magnetized perpendicular to its plane, are investigated.
Calculations, based on the rigorous coupled-wave analysis of Maxwell's equations, demonstrate that in such structures
the Faraday and Kerr rotation can be significantly enhanced in the near infrared optical range. It is possible by varying
thickness of the magnetic film to make Faraday rotation and transmittance peaks coincident and achieve the increase in
the Faraday effect by more than an order of magnitude at the transmittance of 40-45%. It is shown that the excitation of
the surface plasmon polaritons and quasi-guided TM- and TE- modes in the dielectric layer mostly governs the
enhancement of the Faraday rotation.
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We report on experimental and theoretical investigation of birefringence of free-standing nanoporous anodic alumina
membranes in the optical range. The value of birefringence is analyzed for the samples with different porosities by
measuring polarization dependent transmission spectra at different angles of incidence. The experimental data are
compared to the results of birefringence simulations in accordance with three simulation approaches: modified
Bruggeman effective-medium approximation, Boundary conditions model, plane-wave expansion method. It is both
experimentally and theoretically shown that birefringence value increases with porosity increasing in the low porosity
region. The porous alumina samples under investigation possess greatest value of birefringence (0.062) up to date.
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Renewed and growing interest in the field of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) comes from a rapid advance of
nanostructuring technologies. The desired nanostructures are usually fabricated by electron- or ion-beam lithography. An
alternative approach is the application of two-photon polymerization (2PP) or nonlinear lithography. Both these
technologies are based on nonlinear absorption of near-infrared femtosecond laser pulses. With 2PP, the fabrication of
three-dimensional micro-objects and photonic crystals with a resolution down to 100 nm is possible. In this contribution,
we study applications of advanced femtosecond laser technologies for the fabrication of SPP structures. We demonstrate
that resulting structures can be used for excitation, guiding, and manipulation of SPPs on a subwavelength scale.
Characterization of these structures is performed by detection of the plasmon leakage radiation (LR). 2PP allows the
fabrication of dielectric waveguides, splitters, and couplers directly on metal surfaces. The fabricated dielectric structures
are also very efficient for the excitation of SPPs. Using these structures, excitation and focusing of the resulting plasmon
field can be achieved.
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We report a novel method for modeling the resonant frequency response of infra-red light, in the range of 2 to 10
microns, reflected from metallic spilt ring resonators (SRRs) fabricated on a silicon substrate. The calculated positions of
the TM and TE peaks are determined from the plasma frequency associated with the filling fraction of the metal array
and the equivalent LC circuit defined by the SRR elements. The capacitance of the equivalent circuit is calculated using
conformal mapping techniques to determine the co-planar capacitance associated with both the individual and the
neighbouring elements. The inductance of the equivalent circuit is based on the self-inductance of the individual
elements and the mutual inductance of the neighboring elements.
The results obtained from the method are in good agreement with experimental results and simulation results obtained
from a commercial FDTD simulation software package. The method allows the frequency response of a SRR to be
readily calculated without complex computational methods and enables new designs to be optimised for a particular
frequency response by tuning the LC circuit.
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Wave fronts of a Gaussian light pulse and a CW Gaussian beam refracted at the boundary of right- and left-handed
media are modified due to material dispersion. Group velocity of a negatively refracted pulse is parallel to the direction
of energy transport and anti-parallel to phase velocity. Positively refracted group front moves sideways with respect to
negatively refracted phase front. We analyze modifications of light pulses of different spectra in effective media with
different frequency dispersion curves. Analysis of dispersion effects is important because of possible applications in
band separation and pulse compression in metamaterial devices. In 2D FDTD simulations we analyze evolution of CW
Gaussian beams and short Gaussian pulses in an effective double negative material with dependence of permittivity and
permeability functions on frequency corresponding to Drude material-dispersion model.
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Photonic crystal (PhC) structures and photonic structures based on them represent nowadays very promising structures of
artificial origin. Since they exhibit very specific properties and characteristics that can be very difficult (or even
impossible) to realize by other means, they represent a significant part of new artificially made metamaterial classes. For
studying and modeling properties of PhC structures, we have applied, implemented and partially improved various
complementary techniques: the 2D plane wave expansion (PWE) method, and the 2D finite-difference time-domain
(FDTD) method with perfectly matched layers. Also, together with these in-house methods, other tools available in the
field have been applied, including, e.g. MIT MPB (PWE), F2P (FDTD) and CAMFR (bidirectional expansion and
propagation mode matching method) packages. We have applied these methods to several PhC waveguide structure
examples, studying the effects of varying the key parameters and geometry. Such a study is relevant for proper
understanding of physical mechanisms and for optimization and fabrication recommendations. Namely, in this
contribution, we have concentrated on several examples of PhC waveguide structure simulations, of two types of guides
(dielectric-rode type and air-hole type), with several geometries: rectangular lattice with either rectangular or chessboard
inclusions. The modeling results are compared and discussed.
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The concept of negative refraction promises to rewrite the electromagnetic textbooks due to its corresponding
unprecedented properties including inverse Snell's law, inverse Doppler shift, and inverse Cherenkov radiation. Recently,
the first demonstration of negative refractive index media (NRIM) was realized by D.R. Smith et al. who integrated two
respective sets of sub-wavelength resonant structures (i.e., plasmonic wires and split-ring resonators) to exhibit negative
electric permittivity and magnetic permeability simultaneously. More recently, other resonant structures made of a single
set of unit cells also suggested negative refraction phenomena, enabling to ease the fabrication. Yet, all those resonant
structures behave anisotropically and thereby, currently it is still challenging to realize negative refraction for different
exciting incidences such as grazing-angle and normal incident configurations. In this paper, we design and simulate a
monolithic set of double-layer resonant structures not only possessing negative refraction, but also simultaneously
responding to both grazing-angle and normal incident excitations within microwave region. In accordance with the
results of S-parameter simulation and the retrieved material properties, we clearly observe two allowed narrow bands to
indicate the existence of pseudo-isotropic NRIM (PINRIM). Our results show that the designed monolithic set of
double-layer structures can extensively broaden the valuable applications of negative refraction owing to its
pseudo-isotropic response.
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Features of the polarization, energy fluxes of proper inhomogeneous electromagnetic waves in a layer of absorbing
uniaxial negative index metamaterial, and an exact solution of the corresponding boundary problem are investigated. A
comparative analysis and modeling of optical properties of anisotropic conventional media and metamaterials is carried
out. Conditions and possible advantages of a controlled transformation of the radiation characteristics by the
metamaterial are analyzed.
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Using the transfer matrix method we analyse the transmission of time-modulated Gaussian beam through the
RHM-LHM layered structures with dispersive, lossy, and magnetic layers. The modulated parts of the beam
are subject to a complex temporal and spatial shape transformation, which may be characterised in terms of
spectral and spatial filtering, while the layered structure itself is entirely described with the respective transfer
function or equivalently with the impulse response. Due to strong dispersion and absorption of the LHM layers,
it is possible to identify higher order dispersion effects taking place within very short distances. This opens the
possibility of designing novel filters capable of complex reshaping of the beam envelope.
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A modal method with a transmission line formulation is employed to electromagnetic analysis of two types of photonic
metamaterials. Effective parameters for an array of split ring resonators and plate-pairs are achieved via calculation of
transmission and reflection coefficients and a retrieval procedure. Assuming spatial symmetries in the diffracted modes,
computation time is reduced by a factor of 1/8 for the SRR and 1/64 for the plate-pair structure. The convergence criteria
are investigated and advantages and disadvantages of the method are concluded.
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The dispersion relation for polarized light transmitting through a one-dimensional superlattice composed of
aperiodically arranged layers made of ordinary dielectric and negative refraction metamaterials is calculated
with finite element method. Generalized Fibonacci, generalized Thue-Morse, double-periodic and Rudin-Shapiro
superlattices are investigated, using their periodic approximants. Strong dispersion of metamaterials is taken
into account. Group velocities and effective refraction indices in the structures are calculated. The self-similar
structure of the transmission spectra is observed.
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We investigate numerically transmittance of polarized electromagnetic wave through different binary multilayered
structures made of left- and right-handed materials. The transmittance is calculated as a function of wavelength,
incidence angle, refractive index and superlattices' parameters. The transfer matrix formalism is applied (tunnelling
is accounted). Absorption and strong dispersion in left-handed metamaterials are taken into account.
The results are presented in grey scale transmittance maps.
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We investigate the appearence of non-Bragg band gaps in 1D fractal photonic structures, specifically the Cantor-like lattices combining ordinary positive index materials and dispersive metamaterials. It is shown that these structures can exibit two new type of photonic band gaps with self-similarity properties around the frequencies where either the magnetic permeability or the electric permittivity of the metamaterial is zero. In constrast with the usual Bragg gaps, these band gaps are not based on any interference mechanisms. Accordingly, they remain invariant to scaling or disorder. Some other particular features of these polarization-selective gaps are outline and the impact on the light spectrum produced by the level of generation of the fractal structure is analyzed.
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