The continuous improvement of interferometric gravitational-wave detectors (GWDs) and the preparations for next generation of GWDs set highly demanding requirements on their laser sources. A promising candidate to fulfill the challenging requirements of GWD laser sources is the hybrid master-oscillator power fiber amplifier (MOPFA) configuration. The implementation of a MOPFA relies principally on commercial silica glass-based optical fiber technology, which has been key in the successful development of high-power fiber amplifiers but that poses also a limitation to power scaling of these devices. It is well known that erbium (Er) ions tend to cluster in silica glass leading to ion-ion interactions and degradation of performance. The limited concentration of RE ions per unit length implies a limited optical gain per unit length and thus the requirement for long amplifying fiber lengths that enforce deleterious nonlinear effects, foremost stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS).
Numerous SBS suppression techniques have been proposed, alongside investigation of specialty optical fibers. One of the most promising solutions is the use of highly doped optical fibers based on multicomponent phosphate glass that allows the fabrication of ultra-compact active devices with minimized nonlinearities.
To realize compact optical fiber amplifiers operating at 1.5 µm, a series of highly Er3+-doped custom phosphate glass compositions was designed and fabricated to be used as active materials for the core of the fiber amplifiers. Suitable cladding compositions were explored.
Core and cladding glasses were synthesized by melt-quenching method. The core glass was cast into a cylindrical mold to form a rod, whereas the cladding tube was fabricated by extrusion technique. Phosphate fibers were then manufactured by drawing the preform assembled by rod-in-tube technique.
Preliminary results of the application of the Er3+-doped phosphate fiber as laser active medium in a fully monolithic single-mode single-frequency core-pumped MOPFA setup resonantly pumped at around 1480 nm are presented.
In recent years, there has been a growing interest towards compact high peak-power pulsed laser sources for applications such as LIDAR, range findings, remote sensing, communications and material processing.
A common laser architecture used to realize these sources is the Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA), in which a master oscillator produces a highly coherent beam and a fiber amplifier boosts the output power, while preserving its main spectral properties.
Phosphate glasses are recognized to be an ideal host material for engineering the amplification stage of a pulsed MOPA since they enable extremely high doping levels of rare-earth ions to be incorporated in the glass matrix without clustering, thus allowing the fabrication of compact active devices with high gain per unit length.
With the aim of realizing compact optical fiber amplifiers operating at 1 and 1.5 µm, a series of highly Yb3+- and Yb3+/Er3+-doped custom phosphate glass compositions were designed and fabricated to be used as active materials for the core of the amplifiers. Suitable cladding glass compositions were explored and final core/cladding glass pairs were selected to realize single-mode and multi-mode optical fibers.
Core and cladding glasses were synthesized by melt-quenching technique. The core glass was then cast into a cylindrical mold to form a rod, while the cladding glass was shaped into a tube by rotational casting method or extrusion technique. The latter has been extensively employed for the manufacturing of tellurite and germanate glass preforms, but only recently the first example of active phosphate fiber preform fabricated by this method has been reported by our research team.
Phosphate fibers were then manufactured by preform drawing, with the preform being obtained by the rod-in-tube technique.
Preliminary results of pulsed optical amplification at 1 and 1.5 µm are presented for a single-stage MOPA.
The steps toward the fabrication of directly-extruded microstructured fibre preforms made of a bioresorbable phosphate glass are herein presented. Microstructured fibres show a wide range of applications, i.e. photonic crystal fibres, large mode area fibres, hollow gas/liquid sensors, etc. Nevertheless, the fabrication of bioresorbable microstructured fibres has not been feasible so far due to a lack of bioresorbable transparent glass and more flexible fibre preform fabrication techniques. A custom developed calcium-phosphate glass has been designed and carefully prepared in our laboratory to be dissolvable in a biological fluid while being optically transparent and suitable for both preform extrusion and fibre drawing. This glass has been characterised both in terms of mechanical and optical properties as well as for dissolution in aqueous medium. Furthermore, the proposed glass is thermally stable, i.e. can be processed both in the extruder and in the drawing tower. Several extrusion experiments have been carried out with different glass preforms’ shapes. Analyses of these preforms by means of Optical Profilometry and Atomic Force Microscopy have been carried out to assess the roughness of the surface of the extrudate. To support the production of an optimized die for the preform extrusion, a simplified laminar flow model simulation has been employed. This model is intended as a tool for a fast and reliable way to catch the complex behaviour of glass flow during each extrusion and can be regarded as an effective design guide for the dies to fulfil specific needs for preform fabrication. After die optimisation, extrusion of a capillary was realised, and a stacking of extruded tubes was drawn to produce a microstructured optical fibre made of bioresorbable phosphate glass. The combination of bioresorbability and fibre microstructure, show a promising pathway toward a new generation of implantable biomedical devices.
The well-known enhancement effect of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is associated with the presence of metallic nanostructures at the substrate surface. Different bottom-up and top-down processes have been proposed to impart the substrate with such a nanostructured layer. The former approaches are low cost but may suffer from reusability and stability. The latter strategies are expensive, time consuming and require special equipment that complicate the fabrication process.
Here, we present the possibility to obtain stable and reusable SERS substrates by a low-cost silver-sodium ion-exchange process in soda-lime glass microrods. The microrods were obtained by cutting the tip of the ion-exchanged soda-lime fiber, resulting in disks of about few millimeters in length and one hundred microns in diameter. A thermal annealing post-process was applied to trigger the reduction of Ag+ ions into nanoparticles (AgNPs) within the ion-exchanged glass microrods. Afterwards, ion-exchange and thermal treatments were carefully tuned to assure the presence of silver NPs exposed on the surface of the microrods, without using any chemical etching. An AFM analysis confirmed the presence of AgNPs with size of tens of nm on the surface of the fiber probe.
A SERS affinity bioassay was developed on the probe with the final aim of detecting microRNA fragments acting as biomarkers of different diseases. Specifically a DNA hybridization assay was built up by anchoring a molecular beacon containing a Raman tag on the Ag surface via thiol chemistry. Initial SERS experiments confirmed the presence of the beacon on the NPs embedded on the microrods surface, as monitored by detecting main spectral bands ascribed to the oligonucleotide chain. Finally, the ability of the platform to interact with the target microRNA sequence was assessed. The analysis was repeated on a number of miRNA sequences differing from the target to evaluate the specificity of the proposed assay.
This Conference Presentation, “Bioresorbable phosphate glass microstructured optical fiber for simultaneous light and drug delivery,” was recorded for the SPIE Photonics Europe 2020 Digital Forum.
The design, fabrication and characterization of phosphate based bioresorbable optical fibers is reported. Applications in diffuse optics, pH sensing and temperature sensing have been demonstrated paving the way to the use for a new generation of implantable and degradable devices for theranostics.
Optical fibers and optical fiber bundles are often used for endoscopy and related (minimally invasive) medical methods because they offer good transparency together with flexibility. The ability to perform the operation, monitoring and chemical analysis of tissues with minimal disruption of the skin or internal organs of the patient is very promising in the medical field. Traditionally, silica optical fibers are used. Although silicon oxide is a biocompatible material, its use involves a serious health risk due to its fragility and the fact that potential fiber fragments can freely move inside the body and they are not detectable by conventional methods such as X-ray imaging. A possible solution to this issue can be the development of optical fibers based on biodegradable materials. Important benefit of bioresorbable fibers is that they do not need to be explanted after their use. We report on the optical power transmission tests of recently developed bioresorbable optical fibers based on phosphate glasses. Continuous-wave fiber lasers at 1080 and 1060 nm with output powers up to 7 W and a picosecond laser source at 515 nm with MW pulse peak power were used.
The development of compact eye-safe optical amplifiers has been recently triggered by the need of airborne LIght Detection And Ranging systems (LIDARs) for environmental monitoring and surveillance. Among potential candidate materials, phosphate glasses can incorporate high amounts of rare earth ions, thus allowing for high optical gain per unit length which would result in few-cm long optical amplifier sections. Another advantage guaranteed by a short length optical amplifier is the possibility to reduce the unwanted non-linear effects, e.g. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering, which cause distortion in the beam profile and affect the performance of the device.
We report on the design and fabrication of Yb/Er-doped phosphate glasses to be used as active materials for the core of a waveguide amplifier. The prepared glasses were characterized in their physical and optical properties and the best composition selected for the fabrication of the amplifier. Suitable cladding compositions were explored, and the final core/cladding glass pair was processed by melt-quenching the glasses into the desired shapes: core rods were obtained by casting the glass into preheated cylindrical glass molds, while the cladding glass tubes were fabricated by extrusion using an in-house developed equipment. The optical waveguide was then obtained using a custom induction heated optical fiber drawing tower. Preliminary results of optical amplification are presented for the single stage Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA), using a CW source as seed laser.
The reported activity was carried out in the framework of the NATO Science for Peace and Security project “Caliber”, grant no. SPS G5248.
The use of bioresorbable fibers represents an innovative way to build optical implantable devices and to look inside the body. Recently, a new kind of bioresorbable fibers, based on calcium-phosphate glasses, has been introduced by some of us. They show a good biocompatibility and improved attenuation loss coefficient with respect to other bioresorbable fibers. In this work, we used those fibers to explore their suitability in diffuse optics. Indeed, the time-domain technique is a non-invasive methodology which allows to have an absolute estimate of the absorption and reduced scattering spectra of the diffusive medium. It allows to bring information about concentration of chemical components (water, oxyand deoxy-hemoglobin), thus conveying information about the functional status and/or the scattering properties (changes in tissue microstructure, edema). Such information can then be related to the tissue regeneration, healing process, or to a harmful evolution. This makes the time domain optical spectroscopy coupled to bioresorbable fibers a good candidate for future medical devices. Here we demonstrate the suitability of these fibers for diffuse optics by means of standardized tests and then we use them for a proof-of-principle measurement on ex-vivo chicken breast, obtaining results comparable with standard fibers. Thanks to the encouraging results, we are working on a system based on a single fiber (serving as both injection and collection fiber) to go closer to a single interstitial fiber which can lessen the effect of the implant.
Optical fibers have been employed for several years in biomedicine and mainly used for light delivery and collection with high efficiency and selectivity. So far most of the research effort has been devoted to the optical configurations and the functions of the fibers rather than on the materials employed. Indeed, this aspect has been mainly considered to assure biocompatibility with tissues and non-toxic behavior limiting the choice mostly to silicate fibers.
We report on the recent advances in engineering inorganic glass optical and hollow fibers fabricated with optical glasses which are also resorbable in body fluids. Suitable phosphate glass compositions were designed to combine resorbability and optical transparency. Glasses were fabricated by melt-quenching inside a chamber furnace under a flux of dried air and cast into preheated brass molds. The fibers were obtained by preform drawing, with the core rod fabricated by melt quenching whilst the cladding tube by rotational casting. Extrusion techniques were also applied to obtain more complex cross sections with increased functionalities.
Glasses and fibers were characterized in their physical and optical properties. The materials showed high stability toward crystallization and a wide optical transmission window, ranging from the ultraviolet to the near infrared wavelength regions. Hollow fibers were employed to demonstrate multifunctional fiber probes, able to provide drug delivery and light excitation in the prospect of developing resorbable endoscopes for intravital monitoring and therapy, such as photodynamic therapy. Optimization of drug delivery was carried out using functionalization procedures on the surface of both bulk glasses and hollow fibers, aiming to modify the release kinetics: a silanization protocol was developed and successfully tested using different organic compounds. The modification of the surface roughness was monitored using atomic force microscopy, while surface energy changes verified using contact angle measurements. The possibility of performing drug excitation was assessed by guiding light through the capillary using optical beams produced by different wavelength sources covering the visible spectrum. Finally, mechanical characterization of the prepared optical fibers and hollow fibers was carried out to measure the elastic moduli, the tensile strength and the minimum radius of curvature attainable. The overall results allowed to demonstrate the reliability of the proposed optical fibers and hollow fibers for biomedical applications.
We report on the employment of a biodegradable phosphate-based optical fiber as a pH sensing probe in physiological environment. The phosphate-based optical fiber preform was fabricated by the rod-in-tube technique. The fiber biodegradability was first tested in-vitro and then its biodegradability and toxicity were tested in-vivo. Optical probes for pH sensing were prepared by the immobilization of a fluorescent dye on the fiber tip by a sol-gel method. The fluorescence response of the pH-sensor was measured as a ratio of the emission intensities at the excitation wavelengths of 405 and 450 nm.
Solar pumped laser (SPL) can find wide applications in space missions, especially for long lasting ones. In this paper a new technological approach for the realization of a SPL based on fiber laser technology is proposed. We present a preliminary study, focused on the active material performance evaluation, towards the realization of a Nd3+ -doped fiber laser made of phosphate glass materials, emitting at 1.06 μm. For this research several Nd3+ -doped phosphate glass samples were fabricated, with concentration of Nd3+ up to 10 mol%. Physical and thermal properties of the glasses were measured and their spectroscopic properties are described. The effect of Nd3+ doping concentration on emission spectra and lifetimes was investigated in order to study the concentration quenching effect on luminescence performance.
The mid-IR spectral range is of particular interest for two main reasons: many molecules exhibit signature optical absorptions in this wavelength range and specific transmission windows within these wavelengths are available in the Earth’s atmosphere. Options for compact, reliable, high power mid-IR optical sources are currently rather limited by the difficulty of finding host materials that are both transparent in the mid-IR wavelengths range and sufficiently stable, robust and easy to fabricate. In this paper the relevant glass host materials suitable for the development of mid-IR coherent sources based on rare earths doping are briefly reviewed. The current state of the art in mid-IR fiber laser and supercontinuum sources is also presented.
We show for the first time the aptness of Calcium Phosphate Glass-based bioresorbable fibers for time-domain diffuse optics using tests described by a standardized protocol and we also present a spectroscopic measurement on a chicken breast.
A hollow bioresorbable phosphate glass fiber was developed and used for drug and light delivery.
The interaction between organic molecules and the fiber’s internal surface was studied. Promising
results for the release of Rose Bengal were obtained.
This paper reviews and extends the work done on photodarkening by our project consortium and present our latest results
on bleaching and photodarkening mitigation in fiber lasers. We shows the need for a standard set-up to avoid
underestimation of photodarkening equilibrium losses and we suggest photodarkening losses scale with the square of Yb
doping level. Investigation on visible light emission suggest an interplay of visible light with the Yb excited level.
Finally we present an extensive investigation of photobleaching, both as post-irradiation and as simultaneous bleaching.
We show evidence photobleaching can effectively mitigate the impact of photodarkening on laser performance when
highly-doped Al-silicate fibers are used.
A Yb-doped phosphate glass double cladding optical fiber was prepared using a custom designed glass composition (P2O5 - Al2O3 - Li2O - B2O3 - BaO - PbO - La2O3) for high-power amplifier and laser applications. The preform drawing method was followed, with the preform being fabricated using the rotational casting technique. This technique, previously developed for tellurite, fluoride or chalcogenide glass preforms is reported for the first time using rare earth doped phosphate glasses. The main challenge was to design an adequate numerical aperture between first and second cladding while maintaining similar thermo-mechanical properties in view of the fiber drawing process. The preform used for the fiber drawing was produced by rod-in-tube technique at a rotation speed of 3000 rpm. The rotational casting technique allowed the manufacturing of an optical fiber featuring high quality interfaces between core and internal cladding and between the internal and external cladding, respectively. Loss attenuation was measured using the cut-back method and lasing was demonstrated at 1022 nm by core pumping with a fiber pigtailed laser diode at the wavelength of 976 nm.
In this study, detailed investigation of photodarkening in Yb - doped aluminosilicate fibers is reported. The cooperative
luminescence loss influenced by photodarkening is measured simultaneously with 633 nm probe loss. The quadratic
dependence of photodarkening and cooperative luminescence versus dopant concentration was observed. The results
indicated lower cooperative luminescence loss at 513 nm than expected and provided new pieces of information to the
photodarkening mechanism description.
We investigate the cross relaxation parameter of Tm3+ ions in tellurite glasses over a wide range of concentrations: from
0.36 mol% up to 10 mol%. We propose a new measurement approach based on monitoring the steady-state emission
spectra. The proposed method is very simple and allows to measure even very highly doped samples. The crossrelaxation
parameter shows a linear dependence with respect to dopant concentration over the full investigated interval
and the measured slope is 1.81x10-17 cm3 s-1 mol%-1. The linear dependence suggests a dipole-dipole interaction.
In this paper we report and summarize an extensive investigation of photodarkening in Yb-doped silica fibers. We made
a set of similar fibers in order to cover a large Yb concentration range. The results show that once uniform inversion is
reached all along the test fiber it is possible to show self-similarity of the time evolutions. The stretching parameter has a
little influence. We can therefore provide two unique numbers to define photodarkening performance: the saturation loss
and the time scale parameter. We also propose a possible figure of merit to compare different fibers. This may allow to
evaluate the impact of photodarkening on laser/amplifier devices.
In this paper, we present our recent investigation of highly doped Tm3+ tellurite glass. The optical properties of series of
tellurite glass samples (75 mol % TeO2 - 20 mol ZnO - 5 mol % Na2O) highly doped with Tm3+ ions were reported and
discussed. An exhaustive set of samples from low concentration to very high have been used in this study. Cross
relaxation process has been studied and cross-relaxation parameter has been calculated.
A setup for core-pumping of Yb-doped optical fibers has been developed to induce photodarkening and benchmark their
suitability as a long-life active medium in high power fiber lasers for industrial applications. The measurements setup, its
reliability and preliminary tests on PD affected and PD free fibers are here presented. Repeatability of measurements has
also been carried out.
We performed extensive spectroscopy of tellurite glasses doped with high concentration of Tm ions for laser emission at
around 2 micron wavelength. The aim of the work is to develop a glass suitable for single-frequency fiber laser. In fact
such a kind of laser require the use of short cavity length and therefore high gain per unit length medium. Tellurite
glasses allows high-doping concentration and are therefore an excellent candidate. In these paper we review our recent
results. In particular we address the optical and thermo-mechanical properties of several tellurite glasses
(75mol%Te02.20mol%ZnO. 5mol%Na2O) with Tm3+ doping up to 111,564 ppm.
We report results on a single-end pumped waveguide laser for sensing applications Output power in excess of 20 mW
with 17% slope efficiency in robust single-frequency operation at 1533.5 nm is demonstrated. The overall laser cavity
laser was 60-mm long but the active medium, an Er:Yb-doped phosphate glass, was only 9-mm long. The waveguide
was fabricated by two-step Ag-Na ion-exchange technique. The overall cavity length including butt-coupled fiber-
Bragg-grating mirrors was <60 mm. We also reports on recent work to reach 100-mW single-frequency output power.
To extend the operation wavelength to 2-micron wavelength region we also developed new tellurite glasses. Preliminary
results on glass investigation are also reported.
TeO2-ZnF2-PbO-Nb2O5 based fluorotellurite glasses were synthesized and studied for the first time for laser
applications. The property characterizations including XRD and thermal analysis as well as optical properties
measurement were performed. It is demonstrated that this fluorotellurite system has good glass formation ability; and
increasing the ZnF2 concentration to 30 mol% can significantly increase the thermal stability of the glass. Adding ZnF2
also reduced remarkably the hydroxyl (OH) concentration of the glass resulting in lower optical absorption in the
infrared region, which is crucial for infrared laser applications. In addition, the glass absorption cut-off edge near 400 nm
blue-shifted with increasing ZnF2 addition.
In this paper Tm-doped tellurite glasses (75TeO2-20ZnO-5 Na2O, mol%) were prepared and characterized, and codoping
with Yb was investigated in order to improve pump efficiency and wavelength emission range. Emission spectra and
lifetime measurements were obtained by pumping Tm-doped tellurite glasses at 800 nm and Yb-Tm co-doped tellurite
glasses at 980 nm, thus exploiting the Yb-Tm energy transfer mechanism. Highly Yb-doped Tm-tellurite glasses were
investigated (Yb2O3 concentrations up to 5 wt%) and an increase in 3F4 lifetime with Yb2O3 concentrations higher than
3% was observed. This showed that high amounts of Yb do not affect lifetime of the metastable state, thus allowing
investigation of lasers in this range of doping concentrations.
New germanosilicate glasses with high photosensitivity were fabricated and studied. Addition of sodium produced an increase of 6-fold Ge ions and the appearance of a UV absorption band at 285 nm in the as cast glasses. Laser exposure produced bleaching of such band, when present. Further studies are needed to correlate the two phenomena and find out the best composition in terms of photosensitivity. A new tin sodium silicate glass was also fabricated: glass fibers were produced and high temperature stable gratings were obtained by irradiation with a UV laser.
Er/Yb-doped multicomponent SiO2-GeO2-B2O3-Na2O glasses with different GeO2, B2O3 and Na2O contents were studied. The effect of glass component on the properties of Er ions in terms of absorption cross-section, fluorescence lifetime τm and quantum efficiency was investigated with the aim of obtaining efficient active waveguide.
KEYWORDS: Glasses, Waveguides, Channel waveguides, Refractive index, Near field optics, Ultraviolet radiation, Germanium, Temperature metrology, Near field, Atomic force microscopy
We report the application of the direct writing technique to tellurite glasses of three different compositions and the achievement of the first examples, to our knowledge, of directly written channel waveguides in tellurite glasses.
RF sputtering of an amorphous photosensitive target at different deposition temperature and time conditions was performed in order to obtain thin film planar waveguides for telecom applications. Silica glass was used as a substrate, the chosen target was for the first time a photosensitive SiO2:GeO2:Na2O glass and the process was carried out under Ar atmosphere. The so-obtained thin films were tested in terms of composition, microstructure and optical properties. A planar waveguide was obtained at room temperature, with a refractive index of 1.5707 at a measurement wavelength of 1553 nm, with respect to a refractive index value of the substrate of 1.45.
The integration on the same glass substrate of laser sources and passive devices made by low cost techniques such as the ion exchange has already been demonstrated. On the other hand, we have already reported the synthesis of a passive, photosensitive and ion-exchangeable glass, called SGBN. In this paper we present the synthesis of the first (to our knowledge) active, photosensitive and ion-exchangeable glass family, obtained by proper rare-earth ion doping of the SGBN glass. Examples of the typical results of the physical and optical characterization of these glasses (characteristic temperatures, refractive index variation, absorption and emission spectra, cross sections) are given.
In this paper we present a quantitative characterization of the effects of UV laser beam exposure in a new germanium doped photosensitive glass. Several samples (both bulk ones and containing waveguides) have been exposed under different conditions to UV laser beams produced both by a C frequency doubled Ar-ion laser and by a pulsed excimer laser. The measured characteristics allowed the estimation of photosensitivity properties for each case. We have then evaluated the thermal stability of the induced index variation measuring the samples kept at temperatures varying from 25 to 400 degrees Celsius.
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