This work considers the measurement of FAD fluorescence intensity as a method for the safety, simple and real-time detection of pathological cells and informative value of this approach. FAD participates in essential processes such as fatty acid oxidation, the Krebs cycle and other redox reactions. According to literature, cells in different physiological states have different levels of FAD intensity in green-blue spectrum. Hence, it is highly relevant to determine the physiological state of cells by the difference in FAD signal intensity. The study was realized with skin fibroblasts as a model object. On the first stage of experiments 20-days cells cultured on a pre-marked coverslips were divided into two subgroups on the basis of the autofluorescence signal intensity. The first subgroup included cells with a high autofluorescence signal (presumably senescent or pathological), and the second – cells and low one. During subsequent experiments after 24 hours necrotic cells were analyzed in a culture using Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide in two subgroups separately. According to the results, over 50% of cells with high autofluorescence intensity were identified as necrotic, that can subsequently be used for early diagnosis of various pathologies states. Thus, this study, with its advantages such as non-invasiveness, high sensitivity and biosafety, shows the possibility of early diagnosis of various diseases by measuring the fluorescence signal of FAD and finding cells with high fluorescence levels, which are mostly necrotic.
The paper presents the results of a study of conditionally healthy volunteers and patients with various maxillary sinuses diseases by digital diaphanoscopy with a comparison of the results obtained with CT studies. The results of the classification of pathological changes based on a quantitative assessment of the registered scattering patterns of light are also presented.
In this work, the LED applicator brightness control unit of the digital diaphanoscope was upgraded, which allows adjusting of the radiation power value in a wide range for patient’s study, considering anatomical and gender features.
In this paper the optical properties of the purulent content of the maxillary sinuses were obtained by spectrophotometry. Based on the obtained absorption and reduced scattering coefficients, a numerical simulation by Monte Carlo method was performed to determine the pattern of light scattering passing through the maxillary sinus with purulent contents. The results of the simulation showed that in transillumination methods for the detection of purulent pathological changes, it is more informative to use the radiation sources with 980 nm.
Digital diaphanoscopy method has potential to separate normal and pathological conditions of the maxillary sinuses. The entirety of all the features of the investigated area (the presence or absence of pathology, its etiology and morphological features) affects the resulting images of the maxillary sinuses by the digital diaphanoscopy. In this work, the MonteCarlo numerical simulation method was used to determine the patterns of propagation of light radiation in biological tissue. A biologically heterogeneous environment, represented by structures of the skull and maxillary sinuses, as well as pathological changes in them was modelled in the TracePro software.
The digital diaphanoscopy method seems promising for solving one of the urgent problems of modern otolaryngology, which is associated with providing accurate, painless and timely diagnosis of pathologies of the maxillary sinuses. Optical properties of the study area and their changes for different anatomical and gender features and pathologies presence determine the results of digital diaphanoscopy. Adjusting the parameters of the probing and measuring parts of digital diaphanoscopy devices taking into account these factors is important task to obtain similar light scattering patterns for different patients and the possibility of their subsequent comparison.
This paper presents the improved numerical model of the maxillary sinuses. The developed model considered the maxillary sinuses sizes, their location and asymmetry, various thicknesses of bone and soft tissues, size and localization of pathology (cystic fluid and tumor). The cross-sectional face model was more detailed and considered the curvature of the face. Simulation was carried out at various positioning of radiation source relative to the study area and detector. Additionally, the various rotation angles of the study area with radiation source relative to the detector were considered. The attenuation of probe radiation intensity at the detector was estimated using the Monte Carlo method in the TracePro (Lambda Software) for visible and near-IR wavelengths at the different intensity values.
The correlations between model signal and anatomical features of the study area, and the changes of the study area position were identified. It was established that registration of light scattering patterns at different position is important parameter for more accurate evaluation of the maxillary sinuses state and the localization of pathologies. The threshold values of the probe radiation intensity and the optimal study positions, which provide the optimal signal-to-noise ratio of the detectable signals, were identify.
Diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses is one of the urgent problems of modern otolaryngology. Presently, radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, rhinoscopy and ultrasound are used to identify these pathologies. However, due to use of carcinogenic roentgen radiation during the study, a high level of falsenegative results and painfulness of the diagnostic procedures, application of these methods is limited. To overcome these shortcomings, the application of the digital diaphanoscopy method seems to be promising. For realization of this approach the experimental setup was designed and assembled. Low-intensity radiation of the visible and near IR ranges and CMOS-camera were used for translucence of the paranasal sinuses and visualizing the pattern of scattering light. To identify the range of exposure values of the CMOS-camera to obtain maximum sensitivity to identify of pathological changes, experimental studies were conducted on healthy volunteers and patients with inflammatory diseases of paranasal sinuses. During the studies the exposure time of CMOS-camera changed in the range from 0 to 39.7 ms with a step of 1 ms, followed by comparison of the results of digital diaphanoscopy with results of MRI. The results of study 20 volunteers and 15 patients of different genders and ages showed variations in the scattering patterns with the same exposure time. This was explained by such anatomic features as the structure of the skin, the thickness of the skull bone tissue, the size of the sinuses and their asymmetry.
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