We report on the continuous wave (CW) room temperature operation of epitaxially regrown monolithic GaSb-based photonic crystal surface emitting diode lasers (PCSEL) with λ ≈ 2 μm. The devices are based on laser heterostructure containing carrier stopper layer designed to inhibit electron leakage into buried photonic-crystal section. Atomic hydrogen cleaning of the nanopatterned surface followed by optimized epitaxial step resulted in highly uniform airpocket-retaining regrowth. The increase of the number of air-pockets in unit cells of the buried photonic crystal layer led to enhancement of the PCSEL output power and improvement of the far field pattern The PCSELs with buried high-index-contrast photonic crystal utilizing four air-pockets per unit cell generated 30 mW of continuous wave power from 200 μm diameter aperture.
We propose and design a high-brightness, ultra-compact electrically pumped GaSb-based laser source of polarization-entangled photons generated by intracavity parametric down-conversion of lasing modes. We develop a nonperturbative quantum theory of parametric down-conversion of waveguide modes which takes into account the effects of modal dispersion, group and phase mismatch, propagation, dissipation, and coupling to noisy reservoirs. We provide convenient analytic expressions for interpreting experimental results and predicting the performance of monolithic quantum photonic devices based on nonlinear wave mixing of laser modes.
Photonic crystal surface emitting lasers emitting up to 2.6 µm have been designed and fabricated. A high-index-contrast photonic crystal layer was incorporated into the laser heterostructure by air-hole-retaining epitaxial regrowth. Transmission electron microscopy studies demonstrated uniform and continuous regrowth of the nano-patterned GaSb surface with AlGaAsSb alloy until air-pockets start being formed. The photonic crystal surface emitting lasers based on diode laser and cascade diode laser heterostructures generated narrow spectrum low divergence beams with mW-level output power. The angle-resolved electroluminescence analysis demonstrated well resolved photonic subbands corresponding to Γ2 point of square lattice and photonic gaps of several meV.
We report on development of the mid-infrared antimonide based laser technology targeting dual wavelength operation for intra-cavity difference frequency generation. The devices utilize Y-branch architecture with high order DBR reflectors controlling the laser emission spectrum. The device active region contain asymmetric tunnel coupled quantum well with built in resonant second order nonlinearity. The epitaxially regrown photonic crystal surface emitting GaSb-based lasers will be demonstrated.
Cascade pumping of type-I quantum well gain sections led to increase of the output power and efficiency of GaSb-based diode lasers operating in spectral region from 1.9 to 3.3 µm. The wide stripe multimode lasers based on cascade lasers heterostructures generate watt class output power levels up to 3 µm. The corresponding narrow ridge single spatial mode and single frequency mode distributed feedback devices generate tens of mW. The external cavity lasers utilizing gain chips based on cascade diode laser heterostructures demonstrate extra wide tuning range. The short pulse passively mode-locked lasers generate optical frequency combs.
Passively mode-locked type-I quantum well cascade diode lasers emitting in the methane absorption band near 3.25 μm were designed, fabricated and characterized. The deep etched ~5.5-μm-wide single spatial mode ridge waveguide design utilizing split-contact architecture was implemented. The devices with absorber to gain section length ratios of 11% and 5.5% were studied. Lasers with the longer absorber section (~300 μm) generated smooth bell-shape-like emission spectrum with about 30 lasing modes at full-width-at-half-maximum level. Devices with reverse biased absorber section demonstrated stable radio frequency beat with nearly perfect Lorentzian shape over four orders of magnitude of intensity. The estimated pulse-to-pulse timing jitter was about 110 fs/cycle. Laser generated average power of more than 1 mW in mode-locked regime.
The external cavity tunable mid-infrared emitters based on Littrow configuration and utilizing three stages type-I quantum well cascade diode laser gain elements were designed and fabricated. The free-standing coated 7.5-μm-wide ridge waveguide lasers generated more than 30 mW of continuous wave power near 3.25 μm at 20°C when mounted epi-side-up on copper blocks. The external cavity lasers (ECLs) utilized 2-mm-long gain chips with straight ridge design and anti-/neutral-reflection coated facets. The ECLs demonstrated narrow spectrum tunable operation with several milliwatts of output power in spectral region from 3.05 to 3.25 μm corresponding to ∼25 meV of tuning range.
We present magnetooptical and transport properties of metamorphic periodic structures containing InAsSb layers with controllable modulated Sb composition [1]. The modulation period is determined by the thicknesses of the strain compensated InAsSbx/InAsSby pairs grown on a virtual AlGaInSb substrate with a lattice constant of 6.25 A. We demonstrate that the bandgap energy of ordered InAsSb0.3/InAsSb0.75 alloy varies from 100mev to a few meV as a result of the well-regulated variation of the modulation period from ∼3 to ∼7.5 nm. The material effective masses and the specific character of the energy spectra will be discussed.
1. G. Belenky, Y. Lin, L. Shterengas, D. Donetsky, G. Kipshidze and S. Suchalkin, Electron. Lett. 51 (19), 1521, (2015)
Cascade pumping of type-I quantum well gain sections was utilized to increase output power and efficiency of GaSb-based diode lasers operating in spectral region from 1.9 to 3.3 μm. Two-step ridge waveguide design with shallow 5-μm-wide and deep 15-μm-wide etched sections yielded λ ~ 2 μm lasers generating 250 mW of continuous wave output power in nearly diffraction limited beam when mounted epi-down. The same device mounted epi-up demonstrated output power of about 180 mW. Lasers operating in the wavelength range above 3.2 μm with variable deep etched ridge width and two-step ridge design were fabricated and characterized. Two-step ridge waveguide design yielded the lowest threshold current and the highest slope efficiency. Tens of mW of continuous wave output power was obtained in nearly diffraction limited beams in the wavelength range from 3.2 to 3.3 μm near and above 20 °C in both epi-up and epi-down mounting configurations. Laterally-coupled 2-nd-order distributed feedback lasers operated near 3.22 μm in continuous wave regime at room temperatures with more than 10 mW of output power at room temperature in epi-up mounted configuration.
We demonstrate GaSb-based laterally-coupled distributed-feedback type-I cascade diode lasers emitting near 2.9 μm as
potential sources for OH measurements. The laser heterostructures consist of two GaInAsSb quantum well stages in
series separated by GaSb/AlSb/InAs tunnel junction and InAs/AlSb electron injectors. Single-mode emission is
generated using second order lateral Bragg grating etched alongside narrow ridge waveguides. The lasers were
fabricated into 2-mm-long devices, solder-mounted epi-up on copper submounts, and operate at room temperature. With
an anti-reflection coating at the emission facet, the lasers exhibit a typical current threshold of 110 mA at 20 °C and emit
more than 14 mW of output power. The Bragg wavelength temperature tuning rate was 0.29 nm/°C.
Cascade pumping of type-I quantum well gain sections was utilized to increase output power and efficiency of
GaSb-based diode lasers operating in spectral region from 3.1 to 3.3 μm. The experiment showed that the increase
of the number of cascades from two (previously used in record cascade 3 μm emitters) to three led to critical
enhancement of the differential gain and reduction of the threshold current density of λ > 3 μm lasers. Light p-doping
of the AlGaAsSb graded section did not introduce extra optical loss but aided hole transport as required for
realization of the efficient multi-stage cascade pumping scheme. Corresponding coated three-stage devices with
~100-μm-wide aperture and 3-mm-long cavity demonstrated CW output power of 500 mW near 3.18 μm at 17 °C –
more than twofold increase as compared to previous state-of-the-art diode lasers emitting only 200 mW. Three-stage
lasers with quantum wells designed to emit in the middle of methane absorption band near 3.25 μm demonstrated
record output power levels above 350 mW – nearly threefold improvement over previous non-cascade state-of-the-art
diodes. Utilization of the different quantum wells in cascade laser heterostructure was demonstrated to yield
wide gain lasers as often desired for tunable laser spectroscopy. Two step etching was applied in effort of
simultaneous minimization of both internal optical loss and the lateral current spreading in narrow ridge lasers.
Cascade pumping schemes that utilize single-QW gain stages enhanced both the power conversion efficiency and the output power level of GaSb-based diode lasers that emit near and above 3 μm at room temperature. The cascade lasers discussed in this work had densely stacked type-I QWs gain stages characterized by high differential gain. The 3 μm emitting devices demonstrated CW threshold current densities near 100 A/cm2, a twofold improvement over the previous world record, that resulted in peak power conversion efficiencies increasing to 16% at 17°C. Comparable narrow ridge two-stage devices generated more than 100 mW of CW power with ~10% power conversion efficiencies. Three-stage multimode cascade lasers emitted 960 mW of CW output power near 3 μm and 120 mW CW near 3.3 μm.
Cascade GaSb-based type-I quantum well diode lasers were designed and fabricated. Cascade pumping was achieved utilizing efficient interband tunneling through "leaky" window in band alignment at GaSb/InAs heterointerface. The 100% efficient carrier recycling between stages was confirmed by twofold increase lightcurrent characteristics slope of two-stage 2.4 – 3.3 μm cascade lasers as compared to reference single-stage devices. Moderate internal optical loss increase was observed in cascade lasers with interband injector located near the optical mode peak. Cascade pumping scheme increased the continuous wave output power of room temperature operated 2.4 - 3 μm semiconductor lasers and led to improved power conversion efficiency.
Bulk unrelaxed InAsSb alloys with Sb compositions up to 44 % and layer thicknesses up to 3 µm were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The alloys showed photoluminescence (PL) energies as low as 0.12 eV at T = 13 K. The electroluminescence and quantum efficiency data demonstrated with unoptimized barrier heterostructures at T= 80 and 150 K suggested large absorption and carrier lifetimes sufficient for the development of long wave infrared detectors and emitters with high quantum efficiency. The minority hole transport was found to be adequate for development of the detectors and emitters with large active layer thickness.
The optical properties of bulk unrelaxed InAsSb layers having a low temperature photoluminescence (PL) peak up to 10
μm are presented. The materials were grown on GaSb substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The lattice mismatch
between the epilayers and GaSb substrates was accommodated with linearly graded GaAlInSb buffers. An 11-meV width
of PL at full-width half-maximum was measured for InAsSb with Sb compositions of 20 and 44% . The best fit for the
dependence of the energy gap on Sb composition was obtained with a 0.9-eV bowing parameter. Temperature
dependences of the energy gap for InAsSb alloys with 20 % and 44% Sb were determined from PL spectra in the
temperature range from 12 to 300 K. A T=77 K minority carrier lifetime up to 350 ns in undoped InAsSb layers with
20% Sb was determined from PL kinetics.
GaInSb and AlGaInSb compositionally graded buffer layers grown on GaSb by MBE were used to develop
unrelaxed InAs1-XSbXepilayers with lattice constants up to 2.1 % larger than that of GaSb. The InAsSb buffer
layer was used to grow InAs0.12Sb0.88 layer on InSb. The structural and optical characterization of 1-μm thick
InAs1-xSbx layers was performed together with measurements of the carrier lifetime.
Broad area type-I GaSb based diode lasers have recently exceeded 100 mW continuous wave room temperature powers
in 3.1-3.2 μm spectral region. Certain applications such as single frequency sources for spectroscopy and efficient
coupling to single mode fiber require single lateral mode laser operation. We characterize and compare two types of
lasers with similar structures and various ridge widths emitting at 3.1 and 3.2 μm. We obtain 35 and 25 mW of
continuous wave single lateral mode power from 8 and 13 μm wide ridge lasers emitting at 3.1 and 3.2 μm respectively.
This constitutes a threefold improvement compared to the previous result. Both devices had ridges etched to the depth
leaving approximately 300 nm of the top p-cladding in the areas outside the ridges. For 3.2 μm emitting lasers the
dielectric thickness was 220 nm while it was 510 nm for 3.1 μm emitting lasers. Gain spectra were measured by Hakki-
Paoli technique for various ridge widths. From gain spectra we extract differential gain and internal loss. We find that the
internal loss in thin dielectric, 3.2 μm emitting laser is about 14 cm-1 while it is 7 cm-1 in thick dielectric, 3.1 μm emitting
laser for the ridge widths of 13 and 8 μm exhibiting single lateral mode operation respectively. Internal losses measured
on broad area, 100 μm wide lasers processed from the same materials are similar and around 6-7 cm-1. We discuss
reasons for the internal loss increase with the aid of simulation of optical mode field and loss in our waveguide
structures.
The air quality of any manned spacecraft needs to be continuously monitored in order to safeguard the health of the
crew. Air quality monitoring grows in importance as mission duration increases. Due to the small size, low power draw,
and performance reliability, semiconductor laser-based instruments are viable candidates for this purpose. Achieving a
minimum instrument size requires lasers with emission wavelength coinciding with the absorption of the fundamental
absorption lines of the target gases, which are mostly in the 3.0-5.0 μm wavelength range. In this paper we report on our
progress developing high wall plug efficiency type-I quantum-well GaSb-based diode lasers operating at room
temperatures in the spectral region near 3.0-3.5 μm and quantum cascade (QC) lasers in the 4.0-5.0 μm range. These
lasers will enable the development of miniature, low-power laser spectrometers for environmental monitoring of the
spacecraft.
Recent progress and state of GaSb based type-I lasers emitting in spectral range from 2 to 3.5 μm is reviewed. For lasers
emitting near 2 μm an optimization of waveguide core width and asymmetry allowed reduction of far field divergence
angle down to 40-50 degrees which is important for improving coupling efficiency to optical fiber. As emission
wavelength increases laser characteristics degrade due to insufficient hole confinement, increased Auger recombination
and deteriorated transport through the waveguide layer. While Auger recombination is thought to be an ultimate limiting
factor to the performance of these narrow bandgap interband lasers we demonstrate that continuous improvements in
laser characteristics are still possible by increasing hole confinement and optimizing transport properties of the
waveguide layer. We achieved 190, 170 and 50 mW of maximum CW power at 3.1, 3.2 and 3.32 μm wavelengths
respectively. These are the highest CW powers reported to date in this spectral range and constitute 2.5-fold
improvement compared to previously reported devices.
The paper describes the heterostructures and device output parameters of Type-I quantum-well (QW) laser diodes with
InGaAsSb active regions designed for room-temperature operation near 2.3 μm and 3.1 μm. For both designs decrease of
the threshold current density and increase of the room-temperature output power have been achieved with increase of the
QW depth for holes. For the 2.3 μm laser diodes, confinement of holes in the QW embedded into the AlGaAsSb
waveguide was improved with increase of the hole energy level with compressive strain. Arrays of 1-mm-long 100-μmwide
laser diode emitters with a fill-factor of 30 % have been fabricated. A quasi-CW (30 μs, 300 Hz) output power of
16.7 W from a 4-mm-wide array has been obtained with conductive cooling. For the laser diodes designed for roomtemperature
operation above 3 μm, the hole confinement was improved by lowering the valence band energy in the
waveguide. Two approached were implemented: one with increase of the Al composition, and another with utilization of
quinternary InAlGaAsSb waveguide with increased As composition compared to the conventional AlGaAsSb
waveguide. With the quinternary waveguide approach, a room-temperature CW output power in excess of 130 mW and
a threshold current as low as 0.6 A have been obtained at λ = 3 μm from 2-mm-long 100-μm-wide emitters.
Mid-infrared light emitters capable of room temperature continuous-wave (CW) operation are in
demand for variety of applications ranging from medical diagnostics to missile countermeasures.
Room temperature type-I quantum-well (QW) GaSb-based lasers, laser arrays and light emitting
diodes operating in the spectral range from below 2 to over 3&mgr;m have been reported. The maximum CW output power from 1cm-wide 2.35&mgr;m linear laser array was
10 W, in quasi-CW operation (30 &mgr;s pulse, 300 Hz pulse repetition frequency) the maximum
measured power is 18.5 W. In short pulse operation heating is negligible, and the light-current
characteristics remains linear to beyond 20 W at 100 A.
High wall-plug efficiency and a wide range of available wavelengths make laser diode arrays preferable for many high-power applications, including optical pumping of solid state lasers. Recently, we designed and fabricated InGaAsP/InP arrays operating at 1.5-μm and In(Al)GaAsSb/GaSb arrays operating at 2.3-μm. We have demonstrated a high continuous-wave (CW) output power of 25 W from a one dimensional laser array and a quasi-CW (q-CW) output power of 110 W from a two dimensional laser array both operating near 1.5-μm. We have obtained a CW output power of 10 W from the 2.3-μm laser array. The 1.5-μm arrays are suitable for resonant pumping of erbium doped solid-state lasers, which require high power optical sources emitting in the narrow erbium absorption bands. Long current-injection pulses produce a considerable temperature increase within the diode laser structure which induces a red-shift of the output wavelength. This thermal drift of the laser array emission spectrum can lead to misalignment with the erbium absorption bands, which decreases pumping efficiency. We have developed an experimental technique to measure the time dependence of the laser emission spectrum during a single current pulse. From the red-shift of the laser emission, we determine the temperature of the laser active region as a function of time.
The spacing between the individual laser emitters has an effect on the array heating. In steady state operation, this spacing is a contributing factor in the non-uniformity of the thermal field within the bar, and thus to the overall thermal resistance of the laser bar. Under pulse operation, the transient heating process can be divided into three time periods; each with its own heat transport condition. It was shown that in the initial period of time the heat propagates within the laser bar structure and the laser bar design (fill factor) strongly affects the active region temperature rise. In the later periods the temperature kinetics is insensitive to the fill factor. This analysis has been verified in experimental studies using the 1.5-μm laser arrays.
Laser sources operating in spectral region 2 - 4 μm are in demand for ultra-sensitive laser spectroscopy, medical diagnostics, home security, industrial process monitoring, infrared countermeasures, optical wireless communications, etc. Currently, solid state lasers and optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers are used as coherent light sources in this spectral region. Solid state and parametric sources are being optically pumped by near infrared diode lasers. This intermediate energy transfer step from near infrared pumping diode to mid infrared emitting device reduces power-conversion system efficiency. Development of the highly efficient semiconductor diode lasers operating in 2 - 4 μm spectral region will significantly improve the performance of the many existing systems and enable new applications. In this work we will describe major breakthrough in the development of the high power room temperature operated mid-IR semiconductor lasers. The performance limitations of the devices based on type-I and type-II quantum well (QW) active region design will be analyzed. Future directions in device performance optimization and enhancement of the wavelength for high power room temperature operation will be discussed.
We have fabricated and characterized 2.7- and 2.8-μm wavelength In(Al)GaAsSb/GaSb two-quantum-well diode lasers. The material was grown using molecular-beam epitaxy. All lasers have 2-mm cavity lengths and 100 μm apertures. Continuous wave operation up to 500 mW was recorded at 16 °C from 2.7-μm lasers, while 160 mW was obtained from 2.8-μm lasers. Threshold current densities as low as 350 A/cm2 were recorded from 2.7-μm lasers with external quantum efficiencies of 0.26 photon/electrons. The maximum wall-plug efficiency was 9.2 % at a current of 2.4 A. A peak power of 2.5 W was recorded in the pulsed-current mode operation at 20 °C at 2.7 μm and 2 W at 2.8 μm. Characteristic temperatures of T0 = 71 K and T1 = 86 K were measured from the 2.7-μm devices. T0 = 59 K and T1 = 72 K for the 2.8-μm lasers. The devices have differential series resistances of about 0.18 Ω with estimated thermal resistances of about 5 K/W. Measurements of gain, losses, threshold current, device efficiency and spontaneous emission of the lasers show that it is the hole leakage from QWs into the waveguide, and not Auger recombination that limits CW room temperature output power of long wavelength GaSb-based type-I QW lasers at least up to wavelengths of 2.8 μm. A design approach to extend the operating wavelength of high power In(Al)GaAsSb/GaSb lasers to more than 3 μm is discussed.
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