In the framework of the EU project titled: Landslide Early Warning Integrated project (LEWIS) optical RS data have been periodically processed to detect surface features changes which can be correlated with the development of slope instability mechanisms. The attention is focused on man's activity induced surface features changes, such as deforestation and ploughing, which affects slope equilibrium conditions by decreasing the effective slope shear strength and increasing the slope shear stress, respectively. Fourteen optical Landsat TM images (two per year), has been analysed on the Caramanico test site in Regione Abruzzo, Southern Italy. The main objective of the work was to verify the advantages and limitations of conventional space-borne RS data for the prevention of landslide events. The data were analysed by supervised classifier based on neural network techniques. Four classes and their transitions were considered in the analysis. Supervised techniques were preferred to unsupervised techniques because the former can provide useful information not only on the place were a transition occurred, but also on the specific classes involved in the transition between two dates. The results seem to show that in years 1987-2000 the following surface class changes, potentially related to landslide phenomena, occurred: i) a strong decrease of arboreous land in agricultural land and an increase of barren land, mainly in the area interested by landslides events; ii) an increase of artificial structures, mainly stemming from a transformation of cultivated areas.
The purpose of this paper is to test the effectiveness of a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier, with gaussian kernel function, in the automatic detection of small lesions from Magnetic Resonance Images (MRIs) of a patientt affected by multiple sclerosis. The data set consists of Proton Density, T2 (the spin-spin relaxation time) Spin-Echo images and a three-dimensional T1-weighted gradient echo sequence, called Magnetization-Prepared RApid Gradient Echo, that can be generated from contiguous and very thin sections, allowing detection of small lesions typically affected by partial volume effects and intersection gaps in T1 weighted Spin-Echol sequences. In this context of classification, SVM with Gaussian kernel function exhibited a good classification accuracy, higher than accuracies obtained, on the same data set, with a traditional RBF, confirming its high generalization capability and its effectiveness when applied to low-dimensional multi-spectral images.
In recent years it has been proved that combined analysis of SAR intensity and interferometric correlation images is a valuable tool in classification tasks where traditional techniques such as crisp thresholding schemes and classical maximum likelihood classifiers have been employed. In this work, developed in the framework of the ESA AO3-320 project titled Application of ERS data to landslide activity monitoring in southern Apennines, Italy, our goal is to investigate: (1) usefulness of SAR interferometric correlation information in mapping areas with diffuse erosional activity, including landslides; and (2) effectiveness of soft computing techniques in the combined analysis of SAR intensity and interferometric correlation images. Two neural classifiers are selected from the literature. The first classifier is a one- stage error-driven Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and the second classifier is a Two-Stage Hybrid (TSH) learning system, consisting of a sequence of an unsupervised data-driven first stage with a supervised error-driven second stage. The TSH unsupervised first stage is implemented as either: (1) the on- line learning, dynamic-sizing, dynamic-linking Fully Self Organizing Simplified Adaptive Resonance Theory (FOSART) clustering model; (2) the batch-learning, static-sizing, no- linking Fuzzy Learning Vector Quantization (FLVQ) algorithm; or (3) the on-line learning, static-sizing, static-linking Self-Organizing Map (SOM). The input data set consists of three SAR ERS-1/ERS-2 tandem pair images depicting an area featuring slope instability phenomena in the Campanian Apennines of Southern Italy. From each tandem pair, four pixel-based features are extracted: the backscattering mean intensity, the interferometric coherence, the backscattering intensity texture and the backscattering intensity change. Our classification task is focused on the discrimination of land cover types useful for hazard evaluation, i.e., evaluation of areas affected by erosion. Classification results show that class erosion can be discriminated from other land cover classes when SAR mean intensity images are combined with coherence and texture information. In addition, our results demonstrate that soft computing techniques provide useful tools for the combined analysis of SAR intensity and coherence images. In particular, the TSH classifier employing the FOSART clustering algorithm shows: (1) an overall accuracy comparable with that of the other classification schemes under testing; (2) a training cost significantly lower than that of MLP and lower than that of TSH employing either FLVQ or SOM as its first stage; and (3) a capability of discriminating class erosion superior to that of the other classification schemes under testing.
In the last years, both local and global analysis techniques for the effective processing of interferometric SAR data have been proposed. We developed two local approaches to eliminate inconsistencies in the measured (wrapped) phase field, based on the local configurations of phase gradients in finite windows. The first technique adopts a fixed search strategy which 'cures' isolated residue couples by an appropriate series of corrections determined a priori. A second strategy uses the generalization capabilities of a neural network, trained on a suitable number of simulated target phase fields, to add 2 - (pi) cycles to the proper locations of the interferogram. These approaches, in spite of the high dimensionality of this problem, are able to correctly remove more than half the original number of pointlike inconsistencies on real noisy interferograms. This stems from the observation that phase unwrapping is an ill-posed problem, which has to be solved globally. Hence, a global stochastic method has been implemented, based on the minimization of a functional measuring the regularity of the phase field. The optimization tool used is simulated annealing with constraints. This methodology gives excellent results also in difficult conditions. We will present some of the recent results which aim at integrating the above-mentioned methodologies into powerful processing chains optimized for operating on large IFSAR datasets from real scenes. The effectiveness of such phase retrieving methods allows the application of sophisticated and innovative remote sensing techniques, such as differential interferometry.
Mixed pixels, which do not follow a known statistical distribution that could be parameterized, are a major source of inconvenience in classification of remote sensing images. This paper reports on an experimental study designed for the in-depth investigation of how and why two neuro-fuzzy classification schemes, whose properties are complementary, estimate sub-pixel land cover composition from remotely sensed data. The first classifier is based on the fuzzy multilayer perceptron proposed by Pal and Mitra: the second classifier consists of a two-stage hybrid (TSH) learning scheme whose unsupervised first stage is based on the fully self- organizing simplified adaptive resonance theory clustering network proposed by Baraldi. Results of the two neuro-fuzzy classifiers are assessed by means of specific evaluation tools designed to extend conventional descriptive and analytical statistical estimators to the case of multi-membership in classes. When a synthetic data set consisting of pure and mixed pixels is processed by the two neuro-fuzzy classifiers, experimental result show that: i) the two neuro- fuzzy classifiers perform better than the traditional MLP; ii) classification accuracies of the two neuro-fuzzy classifiers are comparable; and iii) the TSH classifier requires to train less background knowledge than FMLP.
We consider the problem of classification of remote sensed data from LANDSAT Thematic Mapper images. The data have been acquired in July 1986 on an area locate din South Italy. We compare the performance obtained by feed-forward neural networks designed by a parallel genetic algorithm to determine their topology with the ones obtained by means of a multi-layer perceptron trained with Back Propagation learning rule. The parallel genetic algorithm, implemented on the APE100/Quadrics platform, is based on the coding scheme recently proposed by Sternieri and Anelli and exploits a recently proposed environment for genetic algorithms on Quadrics, called AGAPE. The SASIMD architecture of Quadrics forces the chromosome representation. The coding scheme provides that the connections weights of the neural network are organized as a floating point string. The parallelization scheme adopted is the elitistic coarse grained stepping stone model, with migration occurring only towards neighboring processors. The fitness function depends on the mean square error.After fixing the total number of individuals and running the algorithm on Quadrics architectures with different number of processors, the proposed parallel genetic algorithm displayed a superlinear speedup. We report results obtained on a data set made of 1400 patterns.
This paper deals with the application of a new competitive, on-line, neuro-fuzzy architecture, the fully self-organizing simplified adaptive resonance theory (FOSART), to the analysis of remote sensed Antarctic data, in a classification experiment. FOSART employs fuzzy set memberships in the weights updating rule; it applies an ART-based vigilance test to control neuron proliferation and takes advantage of the fact that it employs a new version of the competitive Hebbian Rule to dynamically generate and remove synaptic links between neurons, as well as neurons. As a consequence, FOSART can develop disjointed subnets. The results obtained with FOSART have been compared with those obtained with other neuro-fuzzy unsupervised architecture: FuzzySART, FLVQ, SOM. The finding suggests that FOSART performances are lower, at convergence, than those of FLVQ and SOM, even if it shows a faster adaptivity to the input data structure, due to its topological and on-line characteristics.
This study investigates the applicability of a multimodular neuro-fuzzy system in the multispectral analysis of magnetic resonance (MR) images of the human brain. The system consists of two components: an unsupervised neural module for image segmentation in tissue regions and a supervised module for tissue labeling. The former is the fuzzy Kohonen clustering network (FKCN). The latter is a feed-forward network based on the back-propagation learning rule. The results obtained with the FKCN have been compared with those extracted by a self organizing map (SOM). The system has been used to analyze the multispectral MR brain images of a healthy volunteer. The data set included the proton density (PD), T2, T1 weighted spin-echo (SE) bands and a new T1- weighted three dimensional sequence, i.e. the magnetization- prepared rapid gradient echo (MP-RAGE). One of the main objectives of this study has been to evaluate the usefulness of brain imaging with the MP-RAGE sequence in view of automatic tissue classification. To this purpose, a quantitative evaluation has been provided on the base of some labeled areas selected interactively by a neuro- radiologist from the input raw images. Quantitative results seem to indicate that the MP-RAGE sequence may provide higher tissue separability than the T1-weighted SE sequence.
KEYWORDS: Classification systems, Fuzzy logic, Neural networks, Neurons, Data processing, Feature extraction, Data acquisition, Data modeling, Information operations, Radon
In this work the effectiveness of the fuzzy Kohonen clustering network (FKCN) has been explored in two classification experiments of remote sensed data. The FKCN has been introduced in a multi-modular neural classification system for feature extraction before labeling. The unsupervised module is connected in cascade with the next supervised module, based on the backpropagation learning rule. The performance of the FKCN has been evaluated in comparison with those of a conventional Kohonen self organizing map (SOM) neural network. Experimental results have proved that the fuzzy clustering network can be used for complex data pre-processing.
In this paper a modular neural network architecture is proposed for classification of Remote Sensed data. The neural network learning task of the supervised Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) Classifier has been made more efficient by pre-processing the input with an unsupervised feature discovery neural module. Two classification experiments have been carried for coping with two different situations, very usual in real remote sensing applications: the availability of complex data, such as high dimensional and multisourced data, and on the contrary, the case of imperfect low dimensional data set, with a limited number of samples. In the first experiment on a multitemporal data set, the Linear Propagation Network (LPN) has been introduced to evaluate the effectiveness of neural data compression stage before classification. In the second experiment on a poor data set, the Kohonen Self Organising Feature Map (SOM) Network has been introduced for clustering data before labelling. In the paper is also illustrated the criterion for the selection of an optimal number of cluster centres to be used as node number of the output SOM layer. The results of the two experiments have confirmed that modular learning performs better than the non-modular one in learning quality and speed.
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