Dr. Radhwan Alnaimi Profile

Dr. Radhwan Alnaimi

at Imperial College London

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Proceedings Article | 26 April 2019 Presentation + Paper

Time of flight in electrostatic ion analyser for laser produced plasma ion resolving

Radhwan Alnaimi

Proceedings Volume 11032, 110320K (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2512710

KEYWORDS: Ions, Plasma, Particles, Electrons, Sensors, Copper, Electrodes, X-rays, Chromium, Modeling

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This work addresses the use of an electrostatic analyser as a method of resolving ion species and charge state in the plasma ablation plume. Passing charged particles between a pair of electrodes at a known voltage and correlating with charge to mass ratio Z/M and arrival time, allows one to perform ion spectroscopy. The time of flight showed a decrease in its value with the increase of the potential across the analyser plates. Higher plate voltage requires higher energy particles to pass through, thus higher speed and lower arrival time. LORENTZ 3D numerical software was used to model the trajectory of "test" ion beams and charged particles showed good agreement with simple modelling of the particles trajectory in an analytical description. The analysis of the experimental data was cross checked with the modelling of the analyser and the simulated LORENTZ 3D results and revealed the same general trends. Small differences were observed between the measured and simulated time of flight (< 1μs) which can be attributed to either the electronics used which has to respond on the order of nanoseconds or the simulated data are imperfect models for physical reality and can be reliable only if they demonstrate agreement with experimental results. This work presents also evidence on successfully resolving 15 of the distinct charged particle species (proton and ions released from the VHS tape used as the primary target in this work) emitted from the laser plasma.

Proceedings Article | 3 May 2013 Paper

King's College laser plasma x-ray source design

Radhwan Alnaimi, Daniel Adjei, Saleh Alatabi, Indika Arachchi Appuhamilage, Alan Michette

Proceedings Volume 8777, 87770U (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2027264

KEYWORDS: Plasma, X-rays, Particles, Extreme ultraviolet, Mirrors, X-ray sources, Carbon, Video, Reflectivity, Glasses

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The aim of this work is to design and build a source for a range of applications, with optimized multilayer structures in order to use the source output as efficiently as possible. The source is built around a Nd:YAG laser with fundamental wavelength 1064 nm, frequency doubled 532 nm (green) and tripled 355 nm, with a pulse length of about 800 ps and a repetition rate up to 50 Hz. The target material is Mylar (C₁₀H₈O₄) tape, which is cheap, readily available and has many benefits as explained in this article. A versatile cubic target chamber and a set of computer controlled stage motors are used to allow positioning of the X-ray emission point. A range of measures is used to protect delicate components and optics, including a glass slide between the focusing lens and the target to prevent the lens being coated with debris. A low pressure gas (typically 3–6 mbar) is used inside the chamber as collision of atomic size debris particles with gas molecules reduces their kinetic energy and consequently their adhesion to the surrounding surfaces. The gas used is typically helium or nitrogen, the latter also acting as a spectral filter. Finally, the chamber is continually pumped to ensure that more than 70% of the debris particles are pumped out of the chamber.

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