We have developed a wearable and wireless near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device to monitor fetal heart rate and heart rate variability. The device was applied to measure NIRS signals in 12 pregnant volunteers in their second and third trimesters. The fetal heart rate calculated from these NIRS signals is consistent with the fetal heart rate measured from a continuous Doppler ultrasound device. This result suggests a potential of a wireless, wearable, and affordable device to monitor fetal well-being continuously. If successful, this device will be extremely helpful to low-income populations who have limited access to modern healthcare.
We have developed a wearable Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) device to measure the placental oxygenation. The device comprises of six source-detector distances to probe the oxygenation at different tissues. We have measured NIRS signals and tissue thickness in 12 healthy, singleton, pregnant volunteers (week 33.3±3.6 pregnancy). The placental oxygenation calculated for this group ranges from 68% to 89%. However, we found that the calculated placental oxygenation is positively correlated with the thickness of the fat layer. Hence, we are now performing a Monte Carlo simulation on a five-layer model to correct the effect of fat on placental oxygenation.
Significance: Placenta is an essential organ for fetal development and successful reproduction. Placental insufficiency can lead to fetal hypoxia and, in extreme cases anoxia, leading to fetal death. Of the 145 million deliveries per year worldwide, ∼15 million neonates are small for gestational age and, therefore, at risk for antepartum and intrapartum hypoxia. Clinical methods to assess placental function largely rely on the assessment of fetal heart rate changes but do not assess placental oxygenation. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) allows non-invasive, real-time assessment of tissue oxygenation in intact organs, which can be used to assess placental oxygenation. However, tissue optical properties can affect the accuracy of methods to measure tissue oxygenation.
Aim: This study was performed to estimate the scattering coefficient of the human placenta. We have computed the scattering coefficients of the human placenta for the range of 659 to 840 nm using two methods of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS).
Approach: Measurements were performed using an in-house DRS device and a well-established frequency-domain diffuse optical spectroscopic system (DOSI). Measurements were performed in eight placentas obtained after cesarean deliveries. Placentas were perfused with normal saline to minimize the effects of absorption due to blood. Three sites per placenta were measured. Absorption and scattering coefficients were then calculated from the measured reflectance using the random walk theory for DRS and frequency-domain algorithm for DOSI.
Results: Average reduced scattering coefficient (μs ′ ) was 0.943 ± 0.015 mm − 1 at 760 nm and 0.831 ± 0.009 mm − 1 at 840 nm, and a power function μs ′ = 1.6619 (λ/500 nm) − 1.426 was derived for the human placental scattering coefficient.
Conclusion: We report for the first time the scattering coefficient of the human placenta. This information can be used to assess baseline scattering and improve measurements of placental oxygen saturation with NIRS.
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