Millions of people worldwide are affected by cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) resulting from blood clotting events, posing a significant health challenge. Warfarin is a common medicine that is used for thinning blood. However, the impact of a patient's daily diet on warfarin's effectiveness necessitates adjusting the dosage based on blood coagulation levels. Blood coagulation condition is commonly indicated by the international normalized ratio (INR). However, frequent hospital visits for coagulation tests conducted by trained personnel are inconvenient. Addressing this challenge, we have developed an innovative, cost-effective system that leverages smartphones for point-of-care INR testing. This device consists of two primary components—a 3D printed platform and customized microfluidic cartridges. Its foldable design enables easy transportation and enhanced durability, and the smartphone case on the platform is tilted at a 30- degree angle to accommodate both transparent samples (e.g., serum) and colored samples (e.g., whole blood). Illumination is ensured by LED backlight modules within the 3D-printed platform for uniform video recording conditions. The device utilizes a specially developed algorithm to process sample videos and obtain the INR level. Remarkably, the platform costs less than $8. We computed the flow stopping time of both commercial control samples and clinic human whole blood samples and evaluated the calculated INR values with the measured INR from a commercial blood analyzer. The results demonstrated an accuracy rate of over 90%. This platform presents an affordable and easily accessible solution for monitoring blood coagulation condition, offering significant benefits to patients and healthcare providers alike.
To image the underlying structures of a scattering medium, raster scanning imaging technologies capture least scattered photons (LSPs) and reject multiple scattered photons (MSPs) in backscattered photons. However, MSPs can still squeeze into the images, resulting in limited imaging depth, degraded contrast, and significantly reduced lateral resolution. Great efforts have been made to understand how MSPs affect imaging performance through modeling, but how the backscattered photons are distributed in a scattering medium during imaging remains a conceived picture base on simulations. Here, we demonstrate a method of reconstructing BSPP using beam-offset optical coherence tomography (OCT), where OCT images are acquired at offset positions from the illumination beam. By separating LSPs and MSPs, we can quantify imaging depth, contrast, and lateral resolution and access the depth-resolved modulated transfer function (MTF). This approach presents great opportunities for better retrieving tissue optical properties, correctly interpreting images, or directly using MTF as the feedback for adaptive optical imaging.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.