An adaptive delay calibration method for optical beamforming networks (OBFN) based on wideband sweep and windowed FFT spectrum analysis is proposed and demonstrated by simulation. With the FFT spectrum analysis of the wideband sweep signal, the delay difference between different channels in OBFN can be obtained continuously, and can be canceled adaptively by controlling variable optical delay lines(VODL), resulting in fast and high precision calibration for an OBFN. Furthermore, assisted by pilot carriers with multiple frequencies, the phase unwrapping can be achieved, and phase difference beyond 2π can be compensated. In order to demonstrate such method, a 16-arrayoptical beamforming simulation system is presented in this paper. Simulation results show that delay calibration range reaches467.1ps with the frequency range of 6-18 GHz. The delay calibration accuracy is increased by 50 times from5ps to 0.1ps. In addition, the number of simultaneous beamformer achieves to be 3, which covers the airspace from-30° to +30°.
In this paper, a photonic dual-band radar receiving and processing technique based on a Stepped Linear Frequency Modulation (SLFM) signal has been proposed, achieving high-resolution radar detection driven by a low-rate signal source. The generation of dual-band radar signal with GHz-level bandwidth from SLFM sub-pulse signals with MHz-level bandwidth is utilized, significantly conserving the bandwidth resources of the radar driving signal source. Subsequently, a photonics-assisted dual-channel radar de-chirper cascaded with two electro-optic modulators is employed to realize wideband radar pulse compression processing covering both the X-band and Ku-band. Finally, the coherent fusion processing algorithm for dual-band radar is utilized, not only accomplishing an equivalent high-resolution radar ranging and Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) imaging but also facilitating an anti-jamming radar detection. In simulation experiments, this paper has achieved the reception of dual-band SLFM radar signals with a sub-pulse number of 100 and a frequency coverage range of 8GHz-16GHz. Due to the coherent fusion processing algorithm, the radar target ranging and ISAR imaging with a resolution of ~2cm (equivalent bandwidth of 8GHz) successfully have been achieved.
KEYWORDS: Extremely high frequency, Photonics, Radar, Signal generators, Signal detection, Radar signal processing, Signal processing, Wireless communications
Multifunctional integration of electronic equipment is a main development trend in the future, wherein the integrated signal generation enables a key part. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop the generation of anti-jamming joint radar-communication (JRC) signal. Here, a photonics-assisted generation scheme of millimeter-wave (MMW) anti-jamming JRC signal is proposed. A large-bandwidth MMW dual-band agile JRC signal is generated based on a photonic MMW up-conversion and frequency permutation techniques. Meanwhile, thanks to the dual-band photonic radar de-chirping combined with coherent fusion method and low-cost communication self-coherent reception, the high resolution radar detection and communication with large amount of information are realized simultaneously. In the photonics-assisted JRC simulation system in W-band, a dual-band agile stepped-linear frequency modulation JRC signal covering 81-93 GHz is generated. Moreover, through a dual-band coherent fusion processing, the dual-band signals occupying with only a bandwidth of 2 GHz are successfully fused into an equivalent ultra-wideband signal with a bandwidth of 12 GHz, enabling a radar ranging with a resolution of 1.26 cm. Using a low-cost self-coherent reception, an anti-jamming wireless communication with factorial 10 is demonstrated, which can achieve up to 21.8 bits quantity of information.
A temporal convolution system for the short-time Fourier transformation (STFT) of an electrical signal based on a bidirectional chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In this system, the electrical signal to be analyzed is applied to an electro-optical modulator to simultaneously modulate the temporal waveform and the spectrum of a time-stretched optical pulse, which is generated by a mode-locked laser and dispersed by a CFBG. The modulated optical signal is filtered to be several parts, added with separate time delays and sent to the other port of the same CFBG. Thus the optical signal is temporally recompressed and the spectrum of the electrical signal is able to be mapped into the time domain. The bidirectional CFBG realizes exactly complementary dispersion value for the optical pulse propagating in two opposite directions, which guarantees an optimal frequency resolution of the STFT system. An STFT experiment for a microwave signal with four different frequencies at 5 GHz, 10 GHz, 15 GHz and 20 GHz has been demonstrated.
A multi-beam optical beamforming network with low loss is proposed based on the integrated arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). By using the diffraction effect of AWG, the optical multiple beamforming architecture is reduced significantly since the true time delays for different wavelength can be realized simply by employing only one module. The 3 channels of 88 AWG for dense wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) with low loss is fabricated successfully, and then the integrated optical multiple beamformer for eight-element is demonstrated. Experimental results show that the insertion loss for each beamformer is reduced to 5.64 dB. Furthermore, the number of simultaneous beamformer achieves to be 4, which could cover the airspace from -36° to 18°.
KEYWORDS: Microwave photonics, Computer simulations, Computing systems, Data modeling, Digital signal processing, Microwave radiation, Radar signal processing, Antennas, Parallel computing
Due to the difficulty in simulation for massive array microwave photonics systems, a distributed cross-domain parallel simulation method is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the link parallel computation across system structural domains is achieved based on the independent transmission between channels for each array element in the microwave photonics system. Secondly, the data parallel computing across time domains is achieved by utilizing the relative independence between the pre and post processing times. Furthermore, assisting by a static load balancing strategy to allocate computational resources, these two approaches are effectively combined to achieve high efficient simulation of the microwave photonics system, which addresses the issue of long simulation time caused by large amounts of data and models. For a microwave photonics system with a 64-array and more than 400 models, this technique reduces the simulation time from 39 hours to 23 minutes, resulting in a simulation efficiency improvement of two orders of magnitude. This advancement holds the potential to significantly shorten the development cycle of microwave photonics engineering prototypes.
A non-uniform segmented grating coupler with a metal reflective layer is designed by finite difference time domain simulation. The grating coupler is on a 400 nm thick z-cut lithium niobate thin film waveguide. A metal reflective layer is added to reduce the leakage to the substrate, and a non-uniform grating structure is constructed to improve the mode mismatch. The non-uniform grating coupler consists of three segmented grating regions, with a gap between two adjacent grating regions. The grating periods of these three grating regions are not completely the same, namely Λ1, Λ2, and Λ3, Λ1 is shorter than Λ2 and Λ3. According to grating coupling principle, the key structural parameters of the grating coupler such as the gap between the grating regions, the grating period, the duty cycle are discussed with respect to the grating coupling efficiency. Through FDTD simulation calculation, the coupling efficiency under theoretical simulation (TM mode, at 1550 nm) can reach nearly 76%. The proposed non-uniform segmented grating coupler is expected to be fabricated and applied to the input-output coupling of waveguide devices.
A spot-size converter is proposed based on lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) waveguide. The spot-size converter is composed of the adiabatic taper and the low refractive index cladding. The evanescent wave coupling method is used to complete the conversion between fiber mode field and waveguide mode field, and the high-efficiency edge coupling between the fiber and LNOI waveguide can be realized. The parameters of the spot-size converter are designed and optimized, and the performance of the whole device is simulated. The total length of the spot-size converter is only 500 μm. An ultra-high numerical aperture (UHNA) fiber with mode field diameter (MFD) of 3.2 μm is applied to couple with LNOI waveguide. The coupling loss is 0.4 dB for TE mode and 0.47 dB for TM mode at the wavelength of 1550 nm. It can cover the whole C-band well. The proposed spot-size converter is expected to be used in high-density monolithic integrated optical system and gives a favorable reference for on-chip light source coupling.
For the true time delay (TTD) of optical fiber changes with temperature, integrated optical chips are proposed to improve the delay consistency among channels. A 5-bit TTD chip is proposed in this paper. By using cascaded switches and optical waveguides, the chip is switchable and wavelength independent. A beamforming system operating at 6GHz is established for demonstration. 7 beam directions covering ±15° is obtained with proper mainside lobe ratio.
The simultaneous distance and velocity measurement system based on a bidirectional chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) is proposed. By using the bidirectional CFBG, a dual-chirp optical signal with large bandwidth is generated. After the dechirp processing in the optical domain, both the distance and velocity information can be obtained simultaneously. A simulation is carried out. A dual-chirp optical signal with a bandwidth of 0.208 THz is generated. The simultaneous distance and velocity measurement is achieved, with the ranging resolution of 0.9 mm and the velocity resolution of 0.058 km/s, respectively.
Frequency diverse array requires frequency offset between adjacent antenna elements. By using two coherent optical frequency combs, a series of microwave signals with stepped discrete frequencies are developed simultaneously. The proposed system is simplified for large arrays.
A wide-band microwave frequency shifter with high precision has been proposed and constructed based on paralleled PM and DP-MZM. PM is used to control the optical carrier phase that is driven by a sawtooth wave with a center frequency, while DP-MZM is used to generate a single-sideband suppressed carrier modulation. Results show that the frequency shift of kHz~GHz can be realized with the microwave carrier suppression of better than 50dB.
Broadband, free beam squinting and large scanning angle are essential for many applications. In views of these requirements, a tunable optical beam-forming for millimeter wave is proposed and demonstrated experimentally based on dispersive prism and variable optical delay line (VODL). Experiments are implemented with 1×4 antenna array operating at Ka band. Two beams are produced simultaneously for amplitude comparison direction finding. By tuning the relative delay of four VODLs, the beams can sweep across -30°~30°.
An optical channelized receiver (OCR) with a novel structure based on two coherent optical frequency combs (OFCs) and a Fabry-Perot (FP) filter has been proposed. Input wideband signals are multicasted in all optical channels by modulating one OFC. Then, different sub-frequency bands in all optical channels are filtered out by the FP filter. Finally, the sub-frequency bands are directly converted to intermediate frequency (IF) via coherent optical heterodyne with the LO provided by another OFC. Experiment results shows that the OCR works in X band with 8 channels, and the bandwidth of each channel is 500MHz, which means the instantaneous bandwidth of the OCR is 4GHz. The max power fluctuation between different channels is 4dB, which can be improved by adding proper attenuators to certain channels. The spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of all channels is above 44dB under noise bandwidth of 1MHz, which equals to 84 dB·Hz2/3.
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