Dr. Mikko Karppinen Profile

Dr. Mikko Karppinen

Research Team Leader at VTT Technical Research Ctr of Finland Ltd

SPIE Involvement:

Conference Program Committee | Author

Publications (33)

Proceedings Article | 10 June 2024 Paper

High-performance, robust, and compact grating-based surface plasmon resonance sensor for biosensing: utilizing a tunable laser

Duc Le, Anni Ranta-Lassila, Teemu Sipola, Mikko Karppinen, Jarno Petäjä, Minna Kehusmaa, Sanna Aikio, Tian-Long Guo, Matthieu Roussey, Jussi Hiltunen, Alexey Popov

Proceedings Volume 12991, 129910E (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3017505

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Tunable lasers, Glucose, Surface plasmons, Reflection, Biosensors, Silicon, Simulations, Point-of-care devices, Gold

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Proceedings Article | 10 June 2024 Poster + Paper

Detection of stress biomarkers cortisol and creatinine with a grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance sensor

Anni Ranta-Lassila, Duc Le, Teemu Sipola, Mikko Karppinen, Jarno Petäjä, Minna Kehusmaa, Sanna Aikio, Tian-long Guo, Matthieu Roussey, Jussi Hiltunen, Alexey Popov

Proceedings Volume 12991, 1299111 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3017594

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Cortisol, Wearable devices, Plasmonics, Surface plasmons, Plasmonic sensors, Error analysis, Chip manufacturing, Silicon, Gold

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Proceedings Article | 13 March 2024 Presentation + Paper

SPR-based sensing of physiological analytes using a tunable laser: towards wearable applications

Anni Ranta-Lassila, Duc Le, Teemu Sipola, Mikko Karppinen, Jarno Petäjä, Minna Kehusmaa, Sanna Aikio, Tian-long Guo, Matthieu Roussey, Jussi Hiltunen, Alexey Popov

Proceedings Volume 12860, 1286003 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3000329

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Glucose, Tunable lasers, Wearable devices, Plasmonics, Error analysis, Biosensors, Surface plasmon polaritons

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In stressful situations, concentrations of various molecules in the human body shift in response to the stressor. These molecules are measurable indicators of stress and are therefore called stress biomarkers. In many stress conditions, such as in overtraining syndrome, early detection of these biomarkers is highly important as the conditions are often not fully reversible. Early detection of the stress symptoms could be achieved with wearable sensors that would continuously monitor health information from different body fluids, such as sweat, urine, saliva, tears and blood. Compared to more conventional electrochemical or optical methods, plasmonic sensing could offer higher sensitivity, better stability and faster data collection while enabling implementation to compact devices. In this work, a sensor chip, based on grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance, is proposed for stress biomarker detection. In this work, we show a highly sensitive grating-based SPR sensor working in concert with a tunable laser within the wavelength range of 1528-1565 nm. The SPR sensor was designed using COMSOL Multiphysics software and was fabricated by means of UV nanoimprinting lithography. The implemented SPR sensor shows sensitivity close to 1200 nm/RIU, with a figure of merit (a ratio between the sensitivity and the full width at half maximum of the SPR dip) exceeding 400. The experimental results are strongly in agreement with COMSOL simulations. Such impressive characteristics of the fabricated sensor are among the best reported in the literature. The sensitivity of the chip was tested with two different stress-related biomarkers: glucose and lactate. With the tested range of 0 to 1.1 M, in the current version of the setup, without a receptor layer, the detection limits of glucose and lactate were 5.9 and 36.9 mM, respectively, which are close to the physiological ranges of these analytes in body fluids. The detection limit can be further improved with the sensor functionalization, thermal stabilization and mechanical isolation. When integrated into a wearable device, this approach has a potential in future healthcare applications, such as in continuous stress monitoring.

Proceedings Article | 12 March 2024 Presentation

Chip-scale hermetic packaging of Si PIC with high-speed electronics and photonics

Mikko Karppinen, Mikko Harjanne, Noora Heinilehto, Jae-Wung Lee, Jyrki Ollila, Jaska Paaso

Proceedings Volume PC12892, PC1289205 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3006559

KEYWORDS: Photonic integrated circuits, Packaging, Silicon, Photonics, Interfaces, High speed electronics, Ceramics, Integrated optics, Semiconductor lasers, Wafer-level optics

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2024 Presentation + Paper

Optical power splitters achieving Gaussian RF beam profiles

Mikko Harjanne, Katherine Bryant, Sidra Tul Muntaha, Mikko Karppinen

Proceedings Volume 12892, 128920G (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3002547

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Brain-machine interfaces, Stars, Spatial filtering, Signal attenuation, Phased array optics, Integrated optics, Satellites, Polarization, Directional couplers

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Proceedings Article | 12 July 2019 Open Access

High-speed low-power and board-mountable optical transceivers for scalable & energy efficient advanced on‐board digital processors

L. Stampoulidis, E. Kehayas, M. Karppinen, A. Tanskanen, J. Ollila, J. Gustavsson, A. Larsson, L. Grüner-Nielsen, Christian Larsen, M. Sotom, Anaelle Maho, Mickael Faugeron, N. Venet, M. Ko, P. Ostrovskyy, D. Kissinger, R. Safaisini, R. King, I. McKenzie, J. Gonzalez

Proceedings Volume 11180, 111804C (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2536075

KEYWORDS: Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Transceivers, Optical fabrication, Connectors, Accelerated life testing, Prototyping, Modulation, Eye, Gamma radiation, Channel projecting optics

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Proceedings Article | 14 March 2018 Presentation

Multichannel VCSEL-based optical transceiver employing multicore fibers at 6x25 Gbps/fiber (Conference Presentation)

Mikko Karppinen, Antti Tanskanen, Jyrki Ollila, Johan Gustavsson, Anders Larsson, Minsu Ko, Dietmar Kissinger, Lars Grüner-Nielsen, Christian Larsen , Rashid Safaisini, Anaëlle Maho, Michel Sotom, Leontios Stampoulidis

Proceedings Volume 10538, 105380C (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2295678

KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Transceivers, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Receivers, Optoelectronics, Transmitters, Photodiodes, Packaging, Temperature metrology, Reliability

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Proceedings Article | 22 February 2018 Presentation + Paper

Optical interconnects based on VCSELs and low-loss silicon photonics

Timo Aalto, Mikko Harjanne, Mikko Karppinen, Matteo Cherchi, Aila Sitomaniemi, Jyrki Ollila, Antonio Malacarne, Christian Neumeyr

Proceedings Volume 10538, 1053816 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2290710

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Silicon, Mirrors, Multiplexers, Optical fibers, Polarization, Palladium, Optical interconnects, Silicon photonics

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Proceedings Article | 21 November 2017 Open Access

High-speed ADC and DAC modules with fibre optic interconnections for telecom satellites

Veli Heikkinen, Eveliina Juntunen, Mikko Karppinen, Kari Kautio, Jyrki Ollila, Aila Sitomaniemi, Antti Tanskanen, Rory Casey, Shane Scott, Hélène Gachon, Michel Sotom, Norbert Venet, Jaakko Toivonen, Taisto Tuominen, Nikos Karafolas

Proceedings Volume 10566, 1056615 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2308251

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Proceedings Article | 17 November 2017 Open Access

The European project Merlin on multi-gigabit, energy-efficient, ruggedized lightwave engines for advanced on-board digital processors

L. Stampoulidis, E. Kehayas, M. Karppinen, A. Tanskanen, V. Heikkinen, P. Westbergh, J. Gustavsson, A. Larsson, L. Grüner-Nielsen, M. Sotom, N. Venet, M. Ko, D. Micusik, D. Kissinger, A. Ulusoy, R. King, R. Safaisini

Proceedings Volume 10563, 105635F (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2304121

KEYWORDS: Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Optical fibers, Astronomical imaging, Satellites, Palladium, Resistance, Oxides, Temperature metrology, Modulation, Networks

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Proceedings Article | 18 April 2016 Paper

Integration of 150 Gbps/fiber optical engines based on multicore fibers and 6-channel VCSELs and PDs

Mikko Karppinen, Antti Tanskanen, Veli Heikkinen, Petri Myöhänen, Noora Salminen, Jyrki Ollila, Olli Tapaninen, Petter Westbergh, Johan Gustavsson, Anders Larsson, Rashid Safaisini, Roger King, Minsu Ko, Dietmar Kissinger, Ahmet Çağrı Ulusoy, Thierry Taunay, Lalit Bansal, Lars Grüner-Nielsen, Efstratios Kehayas, James Edmunds, Leontios Stampoulidis

Proceedings Volume 9753, 97530S (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2214555

KEYWORDS: Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Optical fibers, Transceivers, Integrated optics, Receivers, Tolerancing, Multimode fibers, Packaging, Geometrical optics, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 15 March 2016 Paper

Scalable electro-photonic integration concept based on polymer waveguides

E. Bosman, G. Van Steenberge, A. Boersma, S. Wiegersma, P. Harmsma, M. Karppinen, T. Korhonen, B. J. Offrein, R. Dangel, A. Daly, M. Ortsiefer, J. Justice, B. Corbett, S. Dorrestein, J. Duis

Proceedings Volume 9753, 97530G (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2225304

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Glasses, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Photonic microstructures, Micromirrors, Optical interconnects, Optoelectronics, Fiber couplers, Optical alignment, Mirrors, Silicon, Laser ablation

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Proceedings Article | 3 April 2015 Paper

Optical coupling structure made by imprinting between single-mode polymer waveguide and embedded VCSEL

Mikko Karppinen, Noora Salminen, Tia Korhonen, Teemu Alajoki, Jarno Petäjä, Erwin Bosman, Geert Van Steenberge, John Justice, Umar Khan, Brian Corbett, Arjen Boersma

Proceedings Volume 9368, 93680H (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2082935

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Mirrors, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Optical alignment, Single mode fibers, Integrated optics, Optical fibers, Semiconducting wafers

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Proceedings Article | 3 April 2015 Paper

Design, fabrication and characterisation of nano-imprinted single mode waveguide structures for intra-chip optical communications

John Justice, Umar Khan, Tia Korhonen, Arjen Boersma, Sjoukje Wiegersma, Mikko Karppinen, Brian Corbett

Proceedings Volume 9368, 93680Y (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2078974

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Single mode fibers, Waveguide modes, Directional couplers, Cladding, Polymers, Nanoimprint lithography, Refractive index, Polymer multimode waveguides, Optical communications

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Proceedings Article | 21 May 2014 Paper

Advances in miniature spectrometer and sensor development

Jouko Malinen, Anna Rissanen, Heikki Saari, Pentti Karioja, Mikko Karppinen, Timo Aalto, Kari Tukkiniemi

Proceedings Volume 9101, 91010C (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2053567

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Spectroscopy, Electronics, Microopto electromechanical systems, Ultraviolet radiation, Light emitting diodes, Head, Mid-IR, Waveguides, Photonics

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Proceedings Article | 8 March 2014 Paper

Multilayer single-mode polymeric waveguides by imprint patterning for optical interconnects

Tia Korhonen, Noora Salminen, Annukka Kokkonen, Noriyuki Masuda, Mikko Karppinen

Proceedings Volume 8991, 899103 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2043153

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Optical alignment, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Integrated optics, Semiconducting wafers, Cladding, Optical interconnects, Optical lithography, Optical fibers

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Proceedings Article | 27 February 2013 Paper

Optical transceivers for interconnections in satellite payloads

Mikko Karppinen, Veli Heikkinen, Eveliina Juntunen, Kari Kautio, Jyrki Ollila, Aila Sitomaniemi, Antti Tanskanen

Proceedings Volume 8630, 86300F (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2009092

KEYWORDS: Transceivers, Satellites, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Optical interconnects, Fiber optics, Data communications, Packaging, Receivers, Reliability, Space operations

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Proceedings Article | 27 February 2013 Paper

Polymer-based optical interconnects using nanoimprint lithography

Arjen Boersma, Sjoukje Wiegersma, Bert Offrein, Jeroen Duis, Jos Delis, Markus Ortsiefer, Geert van Steenberge, Mikko Karpinen, Alfons van Blaaderen, Brian Corbett

Proceedings Volume 8630, 86300Y (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2001498

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Waveguides, Polymer multimode waveguides, Optical interconnects, Photonic crystals, Particles, Optics manufacturing, Nanoimprint lithography, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Data transmission

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Proceedings Article | 17 May 2012 Paper

Long single-mode waveguides made by imprint patterning for optical interconnects and sensors

Mikko Karppinen, Jussi Hiltunen, Anna Kokkonen, Jarno Petäjä, Noriyuki Masuda, Marianne Hiltunen, Jarkko Tuominen, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 8428, 842814 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.923621

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Signal attenuation, Polymers, Manufacturing, Cladding, Optics manufacturing, Optical interconnects, Optical lithography, Sensors, Polymer multimode waveguides

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Proceedings Article | 13 May 2010 Paper

Optical interconnects for satellite payloads: overview of the state-of-the-art

Michael Vervaeke, Christof Debaes, Jürgen Van Erps, Mikko Karppinen, Antti Tanskanen, Timo Aalto, Mikko Harjanne, Hugo Thienpont

Proceedings Volume 7716, 77161E (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.853641

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Optical interconnects, Satellites, Transceivers, Receivers, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Packaging, Optoelectronics, Optical alignment, Polymers

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The increased demand of broadband communication services like High Definition Television, Video On Demand, Triple Play, fuels the technologies to enhance the bandwidth of individual users towards service providers and hence the increase of aggregate bandwidths on terrestial networks. Optical solutions clearly leverage the bandwidth appetite easily whereas electrical interconnection schemes require an ever-increasing effort to counteract signal distortions at higher bitrates. Dense wavelength division multiplexing and all-optical signal regeneration and switching solve the bandwidth demands of network trunks. Fiber-to-the-home, and fiber-to-the-desk are trends towards providing individual users with greatly increased bandwidth. Operators in the satellite telecommunication sector face similar challenges fuelled by the same demands as for their terrestial counterparts. Moreover, the limited number of orbital positions for new satellites set the trend for an increase in payload datacommunication capacity using an ever-increasing number of complex multi-beam active antennas and a larger aggregate bandwidth. Only satellites with very large capacity, high computational density and flexible, transparent fully digital payload solutions achieve affordable communication prices. To keep pace with the bandwidth and flexibility requirements, designers have to come up with systems requiring a total digital througput of a few Tb/s resulting in a high power consuming satellite payload. An estimated 90 % of the total power consumption per chip is used for the off-chip communication lines. We have undertaken a study to assess the viability of optical datacommunication solutions to alleviate the demands regarding power consumption and aggregate bandwidth imposed on future satellite communication payloads. The review on optical interconnects given here is especially focussed on the demands of the satellite communication business and the particular environment in which the optics have to perform their functionality: space.

Proceedings Article | 15 May 2008 Paper

Direct patterning of micro-optical structures by combined nanoimprinting and lithography

Jarkko Tuominen, Jussi Hiltunen, Antoine Wojdyla, Mikko Karppinen, Antti Suutala, Heli Jantunen, Renaud Bouffaron, Ludovic Escoubas

Proceedings Volume 6992, 69920B (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.781151

KEYWORDS: Optical lithography, Photomasks, Waveguides, Nanoimprint lithography, Lithography, Silicon, Reactive ion etching, Nanolithography, Scanning electron microscopy, Holography

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Proceedings Article | 15 May 2008 Paper

Fabrication method to create high-aspect ratio pillars for photonic coupling of board level interconnects

C. Debaes, J. Van Erps, M. Karppinen, J. Hiltunen, H. Suyal, A. Last, M. Lee, P. Karioja, M. Taghizadeh, J. Mohr, H. Thienpont, A. Glebov

Proceedings Volume 6992, 69920T (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782721

KEYWORDS: Multiphoton lithography, Polymers, Waveguides, Photomasks, Lithography, Optical interconnects, Optoelectronics, Ultraviolet radiation, Scanning electron microscopy, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 1 May 2008 Paper

Electro-optical properties of BaTiO3-SrTiO3 multilayer thin films for waveguide modulators

Jussi Hiltunen, Mikko Karppinen, Pentti Karioja, Jyrki Lappalainen, Jarkko Puustinen, Vilho Lantto, Harry Tuller

Proceedings Volume 6996, 69960H (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.781163

KEYWORDS: Electro optics, Superlattices, Waveguides, Thin films, Modulators, Multilayers, Thin film devices, Electrodes, Polarization, Satellites

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Proceedings Article | 21 April 2006 Paper

Packaging a free-space intra-chip optical interconnect module: Monte Carlo tolerance study and assembly results

Michael Vervaeke, Markku Lahti, Mikko Karpinnen, Christof Debaes, Bart Volckaerts, Pentti Karioja, Hugo Thienpont

Proceedings Volume 6185, 61850P (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.662812

KEYWORDS: Monte Carlo methods, Tolerancing, Optical interconnects, Error analysis, Packaging, Adhesives, Optical simulations, Optical spheres, Assembly tolerances, 3D modeling

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In this paper we give an overview of the fabrication and assembly induced performance degradation of an intra-multi-chip-module free-space optical interconnect, integrating micro-lenses and a deflection prism above a dense opto-electronic chip. The proposed component is used to demonstrate the capabilities of an accurate micro-optical rapid prototype technique, namely the Deep Proton Writing (DPW). To evaluate the accuracy of DPW and to assess whether our assembly scheme will provide us with a reasonable process yield, we have built a simulation framework combining mechanical Monte Carlo analysis with optical simulations. Both the technological requirements to ensure a high process yield, and the specifications of our in-house DPW technology are discussed. Therefore, we first conduct a sensitivity analysis and we subsequently simulate the effect of combined errors using a Monte Carlo simulation. We are able to investigate the effect of a technology accuracy enhancement on the fabrication and assembly yield by scaling the standard deviation of the errors proportionally to each sensitivity interval. We estimate that 40% of the systems fabricated with DPW will show an optical transmission efficiency above -4.32 dB, which is -3 dB below the theoretical obtainable value. We also discuss our efforts to implement an opto-mechanical Monte Carlo simulator. It enables us to address specific issues not directly related with the micro-optical or DPW components, such as the influence of glueing layers and structures that allow for self-alignment, by combining mechanical tolerancing algorithms with optical simulation software. More in particular we determined that DPW provides ample accuracy to meet the requirements to obtain a high manufacturing yield. Finally, we shortly highlight the basic layout of a completed demonstrator. The adhesive bonding of opto-electronic devices in their package is subject to further improvement to enhance the tilt accuracy of the devices with respect to the optical interconnect modules.

Proceedings Article | 21 April 2006 Paper

Parallel optical interconnect between surface-mounted devices on FR4 printed wiring board using embedded waveguides and passive optical alignments

Mikko Karppinen, Teemu Alajoki, Antti Tanskanen, Kari Kataja, Jukka-Tapani Mäkinen, Pentti Karioja, Marika Immonen, Jorma Kivilahti

Proceedings Volume 6185, 61850O (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.664386

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Tolerancing, Microlens array, Optical alignment, Micromirrors, Receivers, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Optical interconnects, Monte Carlo methods, Transmitters

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2004 Paper

Embedded optical interconnect on printed wiring board

Mikko Karppinen, Jukka-Tapani Makinen, Kari Kataja, Antti Tanskanen, Teemu Alajoki, Pentti Karioja, Marika Immonen, Jorma Kivilahti

Proceedings Volume 5453, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.545931

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Tolerancing, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Monte Carlo methods, Transmitters, Receivers, Microlens array, Lenses, Polymers, Optical alignment

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Proceedings Article | 10 June 2004 Paper

Optical interconnect on printed wiring board

Mikko Karppinen, Jukka-Tapani Makinen, Kari Kataja, Antti Tanskanen, Teemu Alajoki, Pentti Karioja, Marika Immonen, Jorma Kivilahti

Proceedings Volume 5358, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.530350

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Tolerancing, Monte Carlo methods, Transmitters, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Receivers, Lenses, Sensors, Optical interconnects, Optical alignment

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Proceedings Article | 22 January 2004 Paper

Simulation of imaging system's performance

Timo Kolehmainen, Janne Aikio, Mikko Karppinen, Antti-Jussi Mattila, Jukka-Tapani Makinen, Kari Kataja, Kari Tukkiniemi, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 5178, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.504330

KEYWORDS: Imaging systems, Image sensors, Sensors, Image quality, RGB color model, Lens design, Modulation transfer functions, Point spread functions, Visualization, Raster graphics

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 April 2002

Wireless infrared data links: ray-trace simulations of diffuse channelsand demonstration of diffractive element for multi-beam transmitters

Mikko Karppinen, Kari Kataja, Jukka-Tapani Maekinen, Sanna Aikio, Hannu Rajaniemi, Pertti Paeaekkoenen, Jari Turunen, Juha Rantala, Pentti Karioja

OE, Vol. 41, Issue 04, (April 2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.1456538

KEYWORDS: Transmitters, Sensors, Monte Carlo methods, Scattering, Receivers, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Computer simulations, Diffraction, Ray tracing, Data modeling

Proceedings Article | 13 December 2001 Paper

Passively aligned fiber-optic transmitter integrated into LTCC module

Mikko Karppinen, Kari Kautio, Mikko Haekkinen, Jonna Haekkilae, Pentti Karioja, Tomi Jouhti, Ari Tervonen, Markku Oksanen

Proceedings Volume 4455, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450448

KEYWORDS: Transmitters, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Tolerancing, Structured optical fibers, Optical alignment, Fiber optics, Multimode fibers, Prototyping, Manufacturing, Electronics

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2001 Paper

Free-space optical backplanes based on beaconlike links or on a ring bus

Mikko Karppinen, Jukka-Tapani Maekinen, Antti Kemppainen, Marianne Borenius, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 4455, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450429

KEYWORDS: Receivers, Signal attenuation, Transmitters, Sensors, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Tolerancing, Free space optics, Optical alignment, Optical interconnects, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 29 October 2001 Paper

Attenuated total reflection modulator based on surface plasmon excitation

Mikko Karppinen, Robert Charbonneau, Pierre Berini

Proceedings Volume 4595, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446623

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Polymer thin films, Gold, Modulators, Modulation, Metals, Photorefractive polymers, Interfaces, Reflectivity, Prisms

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Proceedings Article | 27 April 2000 Paper

Ray-tracing simulations of free-space optical channels for impulse response studies of indoor data links

Mikko Karppinen, Sanna Aikio, Jukka-Tapani Maekinen, Hannu Rajaniemi, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 3952, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.384408

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Monte Carlo methods, Transmitters, Scattering, Receivers, Infrared radiation, Ray tracing, Optical simulations, Free space optics, Computer simulations

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