Smart windows are active windows that can adjust transmittance and can perform functions such as energy saving, indoor illumination control in conjunction with smart lighting or daylighting, user privacy protection, and active space separation. Smart window technology has high potential to expand not only to buildings but also to next-generation mobility fields such as electric vehicles and air taxis. Types of smart windows include electrochromic type(EC), polarized particle type(PP), and liquid crystal type(LC). In the case of liquid crystal systems, polymer dispersed liquid crystal systems (PDLC) are being developed the most. However, the PDLC has the advantage of fast response speed, but has the disadvantage of high driving voltage and difficulty in realizing color. In this study, we developed a liquid crystal-based smart window capable of low-power operation and color implementation that can be combined with building-integrated solar power to save energy in buildings. In order to realize color, dyes were developed in a way that did not affect the liquid crystal. And in order to apply it to building windows, we developed a liquid crystal smart window that can operate without a polarizer for arrangement of liquid crystals, which is different from the existing liquid crystal method by considering transmittance. As a result of measuring the color, operating voltage, and current of the liquid crystal smart window, the CIE-LAB index difference for color was 20.86 (L: 41.33 → 34.23, a: - 10.43 → -3.25, b: -9.88 → -3.3), The voltage was 5V and the current was 4.14X10-7[A]. In addition, the driving voltage and current result was 2.07uW, confirming that low-power driving was possible.
Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) exhibit a unique nonlinear optical response, where the emission intensity in the UV/blue range increases non-linearly with the excitation intensity of a continuous-wave (CW) laser in the NIR range. This property can provide inherent three-dimensional (3D) capabilities for various applications. As a demonstration, we illustrate that 3D fluorescence imaging is achievable without the need for a pinhole or ultrafast pulsed lasers, allowing us to image mouse cerebrovascular networks up to the depth of around 700 μm through opaque brain tissues. Additionally, we demonstrate that co-dispersing UCNPs with photosensitizers enables depth-targeted photodynamic therapy with reduced damage to superficial cells. The nonlinear optical properties of UCNPs hold promise for providing 3D capabilities across a wide range of applications.
In this paper, we had designed the hole transport layer of the new composite skeleton structure having a high energy band gap, high triplet energy and charge mobility. And we proposed a new structure to incorporate carbazole on thiophene to solve energy band gap, triplet energy and charge mobility. The structures and properties of the synthesized compounds were characterized by NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, triplet energy, charge mobility. As a result of NMR measurement, it was confirmed that when analyzing the integrated type with the position where the measured peak is displayed, it agrees with the structure of hole transport materials. The emission characteristics of the hole transport layer material showed absorption characteristics at 401nm and 377nm, respectively, and exhibited emission characteristics in the range of 460nm and 435nm. respectively, The triplet energy was 2.78 eV and mobility was 7.12X10-6 cm2/Vs.
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